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. 2023 Mar 6;14:1251. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36909-y

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 1 — a Schematic illustration of the crosslink density and properties with different conversions. b, c Schematic illustrations of the hydrogen bonding and crosslinking of the polymer network. d Chemical structure of the monomers; e Schematic of bottom-up g-DLP 3D printing; f A g-DLP printed snail with a hard shell that can support 1 kg weight and soft neck that can be stretched by 400%. The scale bar is 1 cm.