Table 3.

Regression coefficients, statistical significance, sample size (N), and goodness of fit (R²) for two-way fixed-effect models (individual and time fixed effect) for ecological restoration and two kinds of urban-rural income gaps before and after 2012 in China. The values in brackets under the coefficients are their cluster robust standard errors. See the Methods section for details. Cons means the regression y-intercept. Significance levels: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05

Variable	2007–2011 lngap	2012–2018 lngap	2007–2011 lntheil	2012–2018 lntheil
lnndvi	0.104	− 0.357***	0.248	− 0.642***
	(0.09)	(0.05)	(0.22)	(0.13)
lnainv	0.028**	− 0.046***	0.102**	− 0.073***
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.05)	(0.02)
lnrden	− 0.008*	0.004	− 0.012	0.010*
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.01)	(0.01)
lnunemp	− 0.010	− 0.002	− 0.035*	− 0.006
	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.02)	(0.01)
lnurb	− 0.073*	− 0.175***	− 0.219*	− 0.969***
	(0.03)	(0.04)	(0.10)	(0.16)
lnadoc	− 0.012	− 0.027**	− 0.019	− 0.059**
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.03)	(0.03)
lnaedus	− 0.024	− 0.044**	- 0.064	− 0.096**
	(0.02)	(0.01)	(0.05)	(0.04)
lnascis	− 0.045**	0.004	− 0.066*	− 0.010
	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.03)	(0.01)
lnagfs	− 0.012	− 0.009**	− 0.040**	− 0.022*
	(0.01)	(0.00)	(0.02)	(0.01)
Cons	1.513***	2.494***	− 1.402***	3.028***
	(0.15)	(0.16)	(0.41)	(0.48)
N	1450	2030	1450	2030
R 2	0.064	0.349	0.030	0.411
City fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes