Table 7.

Regression coefficients, statistical significance, sample size (N), and goodness of fit (R²) for two-way fixed-effect models (individual and time fixed effect) for ecological restoration and the urban–rural income gap in China. The values in brackets under the coefficients are their cluster robust standard errors. See the Methods section for details. Cons means the regression y-intercept. Significance levels: ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05

Variable	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)
lnndvi	− 0.369***	− 0.338***	− 0.283***	− 0.288***	− 0.173**
	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.04)	(0.06)
(lnndvi)2					0.017
					(0.01)
lnainv	− 0.098*	− 0.079*	− 0.050*	− 0.041*	− 0.023
	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
lnrden	0.000	0.001	0.001	0.003	0.002
	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
lnunemp		− 0.000	− 0.000	− 0.004	− 0.004
		(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)	(0.00)
lnurb		− 0.118***	− 0.123***	− 0.121***	− 0.135***
		(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.03)	(0.04)
lnadoc			− 0.045***	− 0.042***	− 0.028**
			(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.01)
lnaedus			− 0.040***	− 0.022**	− 0.033*
			(0.01)	(0.01)	(0.02)
lnascis				− 0.019***	− 0.023***
				(0.01)	(0.01)
lnagfs				− 0.007	0.015
				(0.00)	(0.01)
Cons	2.137***	2.327***	2.368***	2.261***	1.898***
	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.11)	(0.12)	(0.23)
N	3480	3480	3480	3480	3480
R2	0.370	0.383	0.398	0.402	0.419
City fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year fixed effect	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes