Table 3.
Multivariable multilevel logistic regression analysis of individual- and community-level determinants of prenatal HIV test uptake in Ethiopia based on the 2016 EDHS.
| Variables | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| AOR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | AOR (95%CI) | ||
| Age | ||||
| 15–24 | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| 25–34 | - | 0.99 (0.78, 1.27) | - | 0.93 (0.73, 1.19) |
| ≥35 | - | 0.88 (0.63, 1.21) | - | 0.85 (0.61, 1.17) |
| Women's educational status | ||||
| No formal education | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Primary education | - | 1.64 (1.29, 2.08) | - | 1.47 (1.15, 1.87)** |
| Secondary and above education | - | 2.84 (1.88, 4.29) | - | 2.03 (1.32, 3.11)** |
| Women's occupation | ||||
| Unemployed | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Employee | - | 1.14 (0.93, 1.41) | - | 1.13 (0.92, 1.40) |
| Wealth index | ||||
| Poor | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Middle | - | 1.64 (1.26, 2.15) | - | 1.46 (1.11, 1.91)** |
| Rich | - | 2.55 (1.95, 3.34) | - | 1.81 (1.36, 2.41)*** |
| Media exposure | ||||
| Unexposed | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Exposed | - | 1.28 (1.02, 1.62) | - | 1.10 (0.87, 1.39) |
| Visiting health facility | ||||
| No | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Yes | - | 2.23 (1.82, 2.73) | - | 2.17 (1.77, 2.66)*** |
| HIV related knowledge | ||||
| Low | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| High | - | 2.19 (1.75, 2.74) | - | 2.07 (1.66, 2.59)*** |
| Comprehensive | - | 3.13 (2.26, 4.35) | - | 2.90 (2.09, 4.04)*** |
| Stigma toward PLWH | ||||
| No | - | 2.85 (1.55, 5.25) | - | 2.67 (1.43, 4.99)** |
| Low | - | 1.68 (1.28, 2.20) | - | 1.52 (1.15, 1.99)** |
| Moderate | - | 1.70 (1.34, 2.16) | - | 1.61 (1.27, 2.04)*** |
| High | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Awareness of MTCT | ||||
| No | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Yes | - | 1.83 (1.50, 2.23) | - | 1.83 (1.50, 2.24)*** |
| Desire of children | ||||
| Unwanted | - | 1 | - | 1 |
| Wanted | - | 1.16 (0.93, 1.45) | - | 1.18 (0.94, 1.47) |
| Community level variables | ||||
| Residency | ||||
| Urban | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Rural | - | - | 0.17 (0.09, 0.33) | 0.31 (0.16, 0.61)** |
| Region | ||||
| Metropolis | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Large centrals | - | - | 0.34 (0.14, 0.80) | 0.37 (0.15, 0.91)* |
| Small peripherals | - | - | 0.13 (0.05, 0.34) | 0.22 (0.08, 0.60)** |
| Distance to health facility | ||||
| Not a big problem | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| Big problem | - | - | 0.72 (0.58, 0.89) | 0.80 (0.64, 1.01) |
| Community level poverty | ||||
| Low | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| High | - | - | 0.45 (0.28, 0.70) | 0.71 (0.44, 1.14) |
| Community level media exposure | ||||
| Low | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| High | - | - | 1.71 (1.10, 2.66) | 1.42 (0.89, 2.24) |
| Community level women's education | ||||
| Low | - | - | 1 | 1 |
| High | - | - | 2.41 (1.57, 3.71) | 1.61 (1.04, 2.52)* |
| Random effect | ||||
| VA | 4.07 | 2.43 | 2.40 | 2.31 |
| ICC | 0.553 | 0.424 | 0.422 | 0.413 |
| MOR | 6.80 | 4.40 | 4.36 | 3.93 |
| PCV | Reff | 0.40 | 0.41 | 0.43 |
| Model comparison | ||||
| Deviance | 4,122 | 3,564 | 3,848 | 3,486 |
| Mean VIF | - | 1.33 | 1.89 | 1.62 |
*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001.
ICC, Inter cluster correlation coefficient; MOR, median odds ratio; PCV, proportional change in variance; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; VIF, variance inflation factor.