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. 2023 Feb 21;14:1059854. doi: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1059854

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Copyright © 2023 Yan, Guo, Liu, Ding and Wang

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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A comprehensive summary of the developmental, anatomical, and histopathological sites in the placenta that have been affected by EDCs exposure. (1). Immature placenta (left): cytotrophoblasts (CTB; grey) can differentiate into two separate lineages: invasive extravillous trophoblasts (EVT; yellow) and barrier syncytiotrophoblasts (STBs; green). The arrows represent that EVTs penetrate maternal tissues and, by modification of the spiral artery (SA), enable enhanced maternal blood flow to the placenta. (2). CTBs restore the STBs population in the mature placenta (right), while SAs that have undergone EVT remodeling fill the fetal villi in maternal blood. Placental gross mass/wet weight (grey box 1), CTB fusion/syncytialization (grey box 2), EVT invasion, and SA remodeling (grey box 3) are only a few of the changes caused by EDC; PCBs: polychlorinated biphenyls, PBDEs: polybrominated diphenyl ethers, and PFCs: perfluorinated compounds ( Figure 3 modified and edited from (79, 80)).