Comparison 3. Observer‐reported outcomes at earliest post‐treatment assessment.

Outcome or subgroup title	No. of studies	No. of participants	Statistical method	Effect size
3.1 Main analysis	13	1113	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.18, 0.07]
3.1.1 Clinical	8	863	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.01 [‐0.11, 0.13]
3.1.2 Preclinical	5	250	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.29 [‐0.53, ‐0.05]
3.2 Data for main analysis – continuous data	5	659	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.35, 0.10]
3.2.1 Parallel	5	659	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.12 [‐0.35, 0.10]
3.3 Data for main analysis – dichotomous data	1	28	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.47 [0.26, 8.23]
3.3.1 Parallel	1	28	Odds Ratio (M‐H, Random, 95% CI)	1.47 [0.26, 8.23]
3.4 Data for main analysis – continuous cross‐over data	5	197	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.02 [‐0.19, 0.15]
3.4.1 Individual data	2	84	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	‐0.06 [‐0.30, 0.17]
3.4.2 Imputed correlation coefficient	3	113	Std. Mean Difference (IV, Random, 95% CI)	0.07 [‐0.31, 0.45]
3.5 Not in meta‐analysis	10		Other data	No numeric data
3.5.1 Insufficient data	2		Other data	No numeric data
3.5.2 No relevant data	8		Other data	No numeric data