Official websites use .gov
A
.gov website belongs to an official
government organization in the United States.
Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
A lock (
) or https:// means you've safely
connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive
information only on official, secure websites.
Example of Upwards Bias Due to Nondifferential, Dependent Exposure Misclassification
| Outcome Status (n) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exposure Status | D+ | D− | Total (n) | Risk a | RR |
| Correctly classified data | |||||
| Exposed | 20 | 180 | 200 | 0.10 | 1.00 |
| Unexposed | 60 | 540 | 600 | 0.10 | 1.00b |
| Exposure and outcome misclassified with 1% dependent errors | |||||
| Exposed | 25 | 180 | 205 | 0.12 | 1.22 |
| Unexposed | 60 | 535 | 595 | 0.10 | 1.00b |
Abbreviation: RR, risk ratio.
a Risk = number in D+/total number.
b Referent.
