Table 6.

Doped Bi-based nanostructured photocatalysts for antibiotic remediation.

Photocatalyst	Target antibiotic	Optimum experimental conditions	Source of light	Degradation (%)	Ref.
Remarks on active species
Mg-, Fe-, Cu-, and Zn-doped Bi2WO6a	norfloxacin, ciprofloxacin	treatment time: 150 min; dosage of catalyst: 1 g/L; initial concentration of antibiotic: 10 mg/L.	visible light	70.0–99.0	[110]
•O2− and h+ were the dominant species while •OH radicals contributed slightly to the degradation of the antibiotics.
Al/BiOCl	tetracycline	treatment time: 60 min; dosage of catalyst: 0.4 g/L; initial concentration of antibiotic: 100 mg/L.	simulated sunlight	91.1	[149]
e−, •OH and h+ played a minor role while •O2− was the main active species during the degradation process.
Cu-doped BiOBr	norfloxacin	treatment time: 30 min; dosage of catalyst: 1 g/L; initial concentration of antibiotic: 10 ppm.	visible light (200 W Hg, Xe arc lamp)	46.5–82.6	[150]
The degradation of norfloxacin was mostly mediated by direct h+ oxidation; •O2− and •OH radicals were not the predominant reactive species.
Fe/BiOCl	levofloxacin	optimum reaction time: 60 min; dosage of catalyst: 0.5 g/L; initial concentration of antibiotic: 361 mg/L.	visible light	95.0	[151]
Both •SO4− and •OH contributed little to the degradation of the antibiotic. •O2− and h+ were the main active species.
Ti/BiOI	diclofenac	optimum reaction time: 90 min; dosage of catalyst: 0.25 g/L; initial concentration of drug: 10 mg/L; pH 5.9.	visible light	99.2	[152]
•O2− and h+ were the key active species, while •OH play a minor role during the degradation process.

^aThe metals were doped individually.