TABLE 2.
Effect of inflammation on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of select drugs.
| Drug | Effect of inflammation on | Species/tissue/cells | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Clearance | Target protein | Therapeutic outcome | ||
| Verapamil | Decreased | Down-regulation of L-type Calcium Channels | Reduced effect | Humans and rat (36–38, 82–84, 87) |
| Propranolol | Decreased | Down-regulation of β1 and β2 receptor | Reduced effect | Rat (32) |
| Bupropion | Unknown | Unknown effect on noradrenaline and dopamine reuptake inhibition | Unknown | HepaRG cells (52) |
| Tramadol | Decreased active metabolite | Unknown effect on µ receptor | IL6-dependent Reduced drug tolerance | Human (88) |
| Sotalol | No change | Down-regulation of β1 and β2 receptors | Reduced effect | Rat (85) |
| Nebivolol | No change | No effect on β3 receptors | No effect | Rat (86) |
| Losartan | Lower concentration of active metabolite | No effect on AT1R receptors | No effect | Human (107) |
| Valsartan | No change | No effect on AT1R receptors | No effect | Human (109) |