TABLE 2.

Key E3 ligases involved in canonical NF‐κB signalling.

E3 ligase	Ubiquitination mode	Signalling receptor	Function	NF‐κB‐associated role in cancer	References
SCFβ‐TrCP	K48 polyubiquitination	N/A	Degrade IκBα, promote nuclear translocation of NF‐κB Degrade β‐catenin, promote NF‐κB‐β‐catenin crosstalk	Oncogenic	135
TRAF2	K63 polyubiquitination	TNFR1	Polyubiquitinate RIP1, promote recruitment and activation of downstream NF‐κB activators	Oncogenic/tumour suppressor	323
cIAPs	K63, K11, K48 polyubiquitination	TNFR1	Polyubiquitinate RIP1, promote recruitment and activation of downstream NF‐κB activators	Oncogenic/tumour suppressor	231 , 324
	K63	NLR	Polyubiquitinate RIP2, promote recruitment and activation of downstream NF‐κB activators	Oncogenic/tumour suppressor	178
XIAP	K63	NLR	Polyubiquitinate RIP2, promote recruitment and activation of downstream NF‐κB activators	Oncogenic	176 , 325
LUBAC	M1‐linear polyubiquitination	TNFRI, TLR, RLR	Polyubiquitinate RIP1 and NEMO, recruit IKK complex for activation	Oncogenic	69
TRAF6	K63 polyubiquitination	TLR, RLR	Self‐polyubiquitination, promote recruitment and activation of downstream NF‐κB activators	Oncogenic	168 , 326
Pel 1	K63 polyubiquitination	TLR(MD88)	Polyubiquitinate IRAK1 and TAK1 and promote recruitment and activation of downstream NF‐κB activators	Oncogenic/tumour suppressor	169 , 327 , 328
	K63 polyubiquitination	TRL(TRIF)	Polyubiquitinate RIP1, promote recruitment and activation of downstream NF‐κB activator	Oncogenic/tumour suppressor
TRIM25,TRIM7 MEX3c, Riplet	K63 polyubiquitination	RLR	Activation of RIG‐I	Not identified TRIM7 is oncogenic	179
TRAFs (TRAF2/3/5/6)	K63 polyubiquitination	RLR	Bind MAVs, mediate polyubiquitination for recruitment and activation of IKK complex	Oncogenic/tumour suppressor	180 , 181