Table 2.
Baseline characteristics of the laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 study population by cardiovascular risk.
| All | QRISK3 score |
Hypertension |
|||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Raised risk |
Low risk |
Raised risk |
Low risk |
||
| N = 146,760 | N = 39,295 | N = 107,465 | N = 49,955 | N = 96,805 | |
| Age (years), Mean (SD)a | 54.0 (10.1) | 65.3 (9.5) | 49.9 (6.6) | 57.7 (10.6) | 52.2 (9.3) |
| Age group (years)a | |||||
| 40-54 | 84,928 (57.9%) | 5150 (13.1%) | 79,778 (74.2%) | 21,382 (42.8%) | 63,546 (65.6%) |
| 55-64 | 39,757 (27.1%) | 13,967 (35.5%) | 25,790 (24.0%) | 16,435 (32.9%) | 23,322 (24.1%) |
| 65-74 | 14,782 (10.1%) | 12,885 (32.8%) | 1897 (1.8%) | 7819 (15.7%) | 6963 (7.2%) |
| 75-84 | 7293 (5.0%) | 7293 (18.6%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4319 (8.6%) | 2974 (3.1%) |
| Sexa | |||||
| Women | 80,805 (55.1%) | 14,316 (36.4%) | 66,489 (61.9%) | 24,608 (49.3%) | 56,197 (58.1%) |
| Men | 65,955 (44.9%) | 24,979 (63.6%) | 40,976 (38.1%) | 25,347 (50.7%) | 40,608 (41.9%) |
| Ethnicitya | |||||
| White or not stated | 104,902 (71.5%) | 28,657 (72.9%) | 76,245 (70.9%) | 36,280 (72.6%) | 68,622 (70.9%) |
| South Asian | 12,340 (8.4%) | 4588 (11.7%) | 7752 (7.2%) | 3893 (7.8%) | 8447 (8.7%) |
| Black | 3408 (2.3%) | 519 (1.3%) | 2889 (2.7%) | 1378 (2.8%) | 2030 (2.1%) |
| Mixed/Other | 11,793 (8.0%) | 2624 (6.7%) | 9169 (8.5%) | 4114 (8.2%) | 7679 (7.9%) |
| Unknown | 14,317 (9.8%) | 2907 (7.4%) | 11,410 (10.6%) | 4290 (8.6%) | 10,027 (10.4%) |
| Townsend quintilea | |||||
| 1 (most affluent) | 28,068 (19.1%) | 6224 (15.8%) | 21,844 (20.3%) | 9175 (18.4%) | 18,893 (19.5%) |
| 2 | 28,488 (19.4%) | 6968 (17.7%) | 21,520 (20.0%) | 9619 (19.3%) | 18,869 (19.5%) |
| 3 | 28,259 (19.3%) | 7281 (18.5%) | 20,978 (19.5%) | 9612 (19.2%) | 18,647 (19.3%) |
| 4 | 28,947 (19.7%) | 8099 (20.6%) | 20,848 (19.4%) | 10,027 (20.1%) | 18,920 (19.5%) |
| 5 (least affluent) | 32,940 (22.4%) | 10,712 (27.3%) | 22,228 (20.7%) | 11,505 (23.0%) | 21,435 (22.1%) |
| Unknown | 58 (0.0%) | 11 (0.0%) | 47 (0.0%) | 17 (0.0%) | 41 (0.0%) |
| Region of residence | |||||
| North East | 6207 (4.2%) | 1746 (4.4%) | 4461 (4.2%) | 2276 (4.6%) | 3931 (4.1%) |
| North West | 34,059 (23.2%) | 9696 (24.7%) | 24,363 (22.7%) | 12,364 (24.8%) | 21,695 (22.4%) |
| Yorkshire and the Humber | 4908 (3.3%) | 1328 (3.4%) | 3580 (3.3%) | 1718 (3.4%) | 3190 (3.3%) |
| East Midlands | 2508 (1.7%) | 690 (1.8%) | 1818 (1.7%) | 897 (1.8%) | 1611 (1.7%) |
| West Midlands | 24,071 (16.4%) | 6916 (17.6%) | 17,155 (16.0%) | 8972 (18.0%) | 15,099 (15.6%) |
| East of England | 5347 (3.6%) | 1207 (3.1%) | 4140 (3.9%) | 1662 (3.3%) | 3685 (3.8%) |
| South West | 32,542 (22.2%) | 8765 (22.3%) | 23,777 (22.1%) | 10,067 (20.2%) | 22,475 (23.2%) |
| South Central | 26,156 (17.8%) | 6050 (15.4%) | 20,106 (18.7%) | 8170 (16.4%) | 17,986 (18.6%) |
| London | 10,734 (7.3%) | 2812 (7.2%) | 7922 (7.4%) | 3737 (7.5%) | 6997 (7.2%) |
| Unknown | 228 (0.2%) | 85 (0.2%) | 143 (0.1%) | 92 (0.2%) | 136 (0.1%) |
| BMI categorya,b | |||||
| Underweight (<18.5 kg/m2) | 865 (0.6%) | 336 (0.9%) | 529 (0.5%) | 182 (0.4%) | 683 (0.7%) |
| Normal (18.5–24.9 kg/m2) | 25,789 (17.6%) | 5980 (15.2%) | 19,809 (18.4%) | 5727 (11.5%) | 20,062 (20.7%) |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9 kg/m2) | 39,501 (26.9%) | 12,415 (31.6%) | 27,086 (25.2%) | 13,618 (27.3%) | 25,883 (26.7%) |
| Obese (30.0–39.9 kg/m2) | 34,394 (23.4%) | 12,652 (32.2%) | 21,742 (20.2%) | 16,361 (32.8%) | 18,033 (18.6%) |
| Severely obese (≥40.0 kg/m2) | 5558 (3.8%) | 1985 (5.1%) | 3573 (3.3%) | 3153 (6.3%) | 2405 (2.5%) |
| Unknown | 40,653 (27.7%) | 5927 (15.1%) | 34,726 (32.3%) | 10,914 (21.8%) | 29,739 (30.7%) |
| Cholesterol:HDL, Mean (SD)a,b | 3.8 (1.2) | 4.0 (1.3) | 3.7 (1.1) | 3.8 (1.2) | 3.7 (1.2) |
| Systolic blood pressure, Mean (SD)a,b,c | 128.1 (14.6) | 134.3 (14.4) | 125.5 (13.8) | 138.7 (13.5) | 122.1 (11.3) |
| Smoking statusa,b | |||||
| Non-smoker | 73,789 (50.3%) | 18,643 (47.4%) | 55,146 (51.3%) | 26,210 (52.5%) | 47,579 (49.1%) |
| Ex-smoker | 34,028 (23.2%) | 12,543 (31.9%) | 21,485 (20.0%) | 13,287 (26.6%) | 20,741 (21.4%) |
| Current smoker | 12,400 (8.4%) | 4630 (11.8%) | 7770 (7.2%) | 3872 (7.8%) | 8528 (8.8%) |
| Unknown | 26,543 (18.1%) | 3479 (8.9%) | 23,064 (21.5%) | 6586 (13.2%) | 19,957 (20.6%) |
| Alcohol consumptionb | |||||
| No heavy drinking | 85,406 (58.2%) | 26,746 (68.1%) | 58,660 (54.6%) | 32,332 (64.7%) | 53,074 (54.8%) |
| Heavy drinking | 12,319 (8.4%) | 3760 (9.6%) | 8559 (8.0%) | 4512 (9.0%) | 7807 (8.1%) |
| Unknown | 49,035 (33.4%) | 8789 (22.4%) | 40,246 (37.5%) | 13,111 (26.2%) | 35,924 (37.1%) |
| Family history of CHDa | 13,116 (8.9%) | 4579 (11.7%) | 8537 (7.9%) | 4371 (8.7%) | 8745 (9.0%) |
| Consultation frequency in prior 12 months, Median (IQR) | 3 (1–7) | 6 (2–10) | 3 (1–6) | 4 (1–9) | 3 (1–6) |
| Medication used | |||||
| Regular corticosteroidsa | 1545 (1.1%) | 1070 (2.7%) | 475 (0.4%) | 790 (1.6%) | 755 (0.8%) |
| Antihypertensivesa | 35,232 (24.0%) | 15,938 (40.6%) | 19,294 (18.0%) | 21,361 (42.8%) | 13,871 (14.3%) |
| Statins | 19,723 (13.4%) | 13,931 (35.5%) | 5792 (5.4%) | 11,230 (22.5%) | 8493 (8.8%) |
| Antiplatelets | 7415 (5.1%) | 4360 (11.1%) | 3055 (2.8%) | 3830 (7.7%) | 3585 (3.7%) |
| Anticoagulants | 2720 (1.9%) | 1761 (4.5%) | 959 (0.9%) | 1359 (2.7%) | 1361 (1.4%) |
| Comorbid condition | |||||
| Atrial fibrillationa | 1420 (1.0%) | 1303 (3.3%) | 117 (0.1%) | 745 (1.5%) | 675 (0.7%) |
| Migrainesa | 5396 (3.7%) | 907 (2.3%) | 4489 (4.2%) | 1559 (3.1%) | 3837 (4.0%) |
| Diabetesa | 12,238 (8.3%) | 9811 (25.0%) | 2427 (2.3%) | 6603 (13.2%) | 5635 (5.8%) |
| CKD stage 3–5a | 9294 (6.3%) | 7013 (17.9%) | 2281 (2.1%) | 5482 (11.0%) | 3812 (3.9%) |
| Chronic liver disease | 1563 (1.1%) | 775 (2.0%) | 788 (0.7%) | 641 (1.3%) | 922 (1.0%) |
| Chronic respiratory disease (not asthma) | 4880 (3.3%) | 3303 (8.4%) | 1577 (1.5%) | 2267 (4.5%) | 2613 (2.7%) |
| Asthma with recent OCS used | 7558 (5.1%) | 2597 (6.6%) | 4961 (4.6%) | 3120 (6.2%) | 4438 (4.6%) |
| Asthma with no recent OCS use | 14,861 (10.1%) | 3582 (9.1%) | 11,279 (10.5%) | 5056 (10.1%) | 9805 (10.1%) |
| Severe mental illness/antipsychotic usea | 1700 (1.2%) | 956 (2.4%) | 744 (0.7%) | 595 (1.2%) | 1105 (1.1%) |
| Dementia | 2407 (1.6%) | 2046 (5.2%) | 361 (0.3%) | 1060 (2.1%) | 1347 (1.4%) |
| Chronic neurological disease | 1932 (1.3%) | 1034 (2.6%) | 898 (0.8%) | 746 (1.5%) | 1186 (1.2%) |
| Learning/intellectual disability | 1014 (0.7%) | 361 (0.9%) | 653 (0.6%) | 292 (0.6%) | 722 (0.7%) |
| Non-haematological cancer | |||||
| Diagnosed <1 year ago | 3839 (2.6%) | 2275 (5.8%) | 1564 (1.5%) | 1807 (3.6%) | 2032 (2.1%) |
| Diagnosed 1–4.9 years ago | 4554 (3.1%) | 2085 (5.3%) | 2469 (2.3%) | 1878 (3.8%) | 2676 (2.8%) |
| Diagnosed ≥5 years ago | 8436 (5.7%) | 2764 (7.0%) | 5672 (5.3%) | 2998 (6.0%) | 5438 (5.6%) |
| Haematological malignancy | |||||
| Diagnosed <1 year ago | 558 (0.4%) | 373 (0.9%) | 185 (0.2%) | 246 (0.5%) | 312 (0.3%) |
| Diagnosed 1–4.9 years ago | 273 (0.2%) | 162 (0.4%) | 111 (0.1%) | 124 (0.2%) | 149 (0.2%) |
| Diagnosed ≥5 years ago | 278 (0.2%) | 114 (0.3%) | 164 (0.2%) | 113 (0.2%) | 165 (0.2%) |
| Rheumatoid arthritisa | 1276 (0.9%) | 648 (1.6%) | 628 (0.6%) | 560 (1.1%) | 716 (0.7%) |
| Systemic lupus erythematosusa | 164 (0.1%) | 57 (0.1%) | 107 (0.1%) | 46 (0.1%) | 118 (0.1%) |
| HIVa | 234 (0.2%) | 56 (0.1%) | 178 (0.2%) | 100 (0.2%) | 134 (0.1%) |
| Immunosuppressione | 1404 (1.0%) | 643 (1.6%) | 761 (0.7%) | 597 (1.2%) | 807 (0.8%) |
| Erectile dysfunctiona | 7183 (10.9%) | 5293 (21.2%) | 1890 (4.6%) | 3556 (14.0%) | 3627 (8.9%) |
a
In QRISK3 algorithm, but non-imputed version included here (for smoking status, cholesterol:HDL ratio, systolic BP and BMI).
b
Most recent measure before baseline. N with missing cholesterol:HDL measurement 55,392 (37.7%).
c
Used on hypertension definition. N with missing systolic BP measurement 16,713 (11.4%).
d
At least 1 prescription in the 12 months before baseline. Other than corticosteroids which was defined as at least 2 prescriptions prior to baseline with the most recent ≤28 days before baseline.
e
Ever history of solid organ transplant or permanent cellular immune deficiency; history in the 24 months before baseline for aplastic anaemia, bone marrow or stem cell transplant; history in the 12 months before baseline for biologics or other immunosuppressant therapy (excluding corticosteroids), other or unspecified cellular immune deficiency.