Table 4.
Cardiometabolic risk (estimated marginal mean (95 % CI)) in a representative UK adult population (aged 19–64 years)* according to sleep duration and social jetlag status based on NDNS 2008–2019
| Short sleep, < 7 h | Adequate sleep,
7–< 9 h |
Long sleep,
9 h |
No social jetlag | Social jetlag | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cardiometabolic risk factor | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | P-value (short v. adequate sleep) | FDR value | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | P-value (long v. adequate sleep) | FDR value | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | Estimated marginal mean | 95 % CI | P-value | FDR value |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 28·4 | 27·4, 29·4 | < 0·001‡ | < 0·001|| | 27·1 | 26·2, 28·1 | 26·8 | 25·6, 27·9 | 0·982 | 1·000 | 27·7 | 26·7, 28·6 | 27·8 | 26·7, 28·8 | 0·602 | 0·961 |
| WC (cm) | 93·9 | 90·3, 97·5 | 0·005‡ | 0·017|| | 91·6 | 88·0, 95·2 | 89·5 | 85·2, 93·9 | 0·401 | 1·000 | 94·3 | 92·0, 96·7 | 95·1 | 92·6, 97·6 | 0·231 | 0·550 |
| SBP (mmHg) | 120·4 | 117·8, 123·0 | 0·062 | 0·135 | 121·8 | 119·2, 124·4 | 123·5 | 120·3, 126·7 | 0·361 | 1·000 | 121·3 | 118·8, 123·9 | 121·2 | 118·3, 124·0 | 0·851 | 0·961 |
| DBP (mmHg) | 73·3 | 71·3, 75·3 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 73·5 | 71·5, 75·5 | 74·8 | 72·4, 77·3 | 0·325 | 1·000 | 73·5 | 71·5, 75·4 | 73·6 | 71·5, 75·8 | 0·786 | 0·961 |
| Glucose (mmol/l) | 5·2 | 4·9, 5·5 | 0·649 | 1·000 | 5·2 | 4·9, 5·5 | 5·2 | 4·8, 5·5 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 5·2 | 5·0, 5·4 | 5·2 | 4·9, 5·4 | 0·895 | 0·961 |
| HbA1C (%)† | 5·6 | 5·4, 5·7 | 0·038‡ | 0·091 | 5·5 | 5·4, 5·7 | 5·6 | 5·4, 5·8 | 0·145 | 1·000 | 5·5 | 5·4, 5·7 | 5·5 | 5·4, 5·7 | 0·926 | 0·965 |
| TC (mmol/l) | 5·0 | 4·7, 5·3 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 5·0 | 4·7, 5·3 | 4·9 | 4·6, 5·3 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 5·0 | 4·7, 5·3 | 4·9 | 4·6, 5·2 | 0·046‡ | 0·178 |
| TAG (mmol/l)† | 1·1 | 1·0, 1·3 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 1·1 | 1·0, 1·3 | 1·1 | 1·0, 1·3 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 1·1 | 1·0, 1·3 | 1·1 | 1·0, 1·3 | 0·903 | 0·961 |
| HDL (mmol/l) | 1·5 | 1·4, 1·6 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 1·5 | 1·3, 1·6 | 1·5 | 1·3, 1·6 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 1·5 | 1·4, 1·6 | 1·4 | 1·3, 1·5 | 0·009‡ | 0·078 |
| LDL (mmol/l) | 3·0 | 2·7, 3·2 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 3·0 | 2·7, 3·2 | 2·9 | 2·7, 3·2 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 2·9 | 2·6, 3·1 | 2·8 | 2·6, 3·1 | 0·443 | 0·852 |
| TC:HDL† | 3·4 | 3·2, 3·7 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 3·4 | 3·1, 3·7 | 3·4 | 3·1, 3·7 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 3·4 | 3·2, 3·7 | 3·5 | 3·2, 3·8 | 0·325 | 0·707 |
| CRP (mg/l)†,§ | 1·7 | 1·4, 2·1 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 1·7 | 1·4, 2·1 | 1·7 | 1·5, 2·3 | 1·000 | 1·000 | 1·7 | 1·4, 2·1 | 1·6 | 1·3, 1·9 | 0·978 | 0·978 |
NDNS, Nutrition Survey Rolling Programme; FDR, false discovery rate; WC, waist circumference; SBP, systolic blood pressure; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; HbA1C, glycated Hb; TC, total cholesterol; CRP, C-reactive protein.
BMI: short, adequate and long sleepers n 1082, 1930 and 215, respectively; without social jetlag n 2755; n with social jetlag n 472. WC: short, adequate, and long sleepers n 869, 1594 and 178, respectively; without social jetlag n 2824; with social jetlag n 484. SBP and DBP: short, adequate and long sleepers n 847, 1534 and 164, respectively; without social jetlag n 2181; with social jetlag n 364. ANCOVA was used adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, economic status, smoking status, alcohol intake, number of children below 4 years of age and long-standing illness.
Glucose: short, adequate and long sleepers n 708, 1279 and 125, respectively; without social jetlag n 1821; with social jetlag n 291. HbA1C: short, adequate and long sleepers n 715, 1294 and 134, respectively; without social jetlag n 1835; with social jetlag n 308. TC, HDL and TC:HDL: short, adequate and long sleepers n 737, 1350 and 134, respectively; without social jetlag n 1908; with social jetlag n 313. TAG: short, adequate and long sleepers n 735, 1348 and 134, respectively; without social jetlag n 1905; with social jetlag n 312. LDL: short, adequate and long sleepers n 728, 1326 and 134, respectively; without social jetlag n 1882; with social jetlag n 306. CRP: short, adequate and long sleepers n 738, 1350 and 134, respectively; without social jetlag n 1909; with social jetlag n 313.
Residual data are non-normally distributed. The values presented from these variables are geometric (back log-transformed) means with 95 % CI.
Two-sided P < 0·05 shows a significant difference.
Multinominal logistics regression was used adjusted for age, sex, BMI, ethnicity, economic status, smoking status, alcohol intake, number of children below 4 years of age and long-standing illness. CRP values were divided into two groups: < 3 mg/l and ≥ 3–< 10 mg/l.
Significant difference using multiple comparison-adjusted FDR P-values using the Benjamini–Hochberg false discovery rate.