. 2020 Nov 10;25(3):689–701. doi: 10.1017/S1368980020004310

Table 2.

Total scores of the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) and Nutrient-Rich Food Index 9.3 (NRF9.3) according to each category of basic characteristics in 639 Japanese adults aged 20–81 years

	n	HEI-2015^*										NRF9.3^†
		Total diet		Breakfast		Lunch		Dinner		Snacks		Total diet		Breakfast		Lunch		Dinner		Snacks
		Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd	Mean	sd
Sex
Male	318	51·7	7·3	44·0	12·1	48·2	9·2	53·0	8·3	33·5	16·3	678	104	563	230	597	151	667	111	93	438
Female	321	52·5	7·4	46·1	12·8	49·6	8·7	53·0	7·6	34·9	14·1	657	107	549	220	598	147	662	110	103	321
P ^‡		0·21		0·04		0·0497		0·96		0·23		0·01		0·46		0·92		0·62		0·75
Age group (years)
<40	205	48·2^a	6·5	40·4^a	12·2	46·3^a	9·3	49·7^a	7·5	30·7^a	14·5	615^a	114	474^a	259	569^a	150	622^a	117	5^a	410
40–59	279	52·5^b	6·6	45·2^b	11·2	48·9^b	8·8	53·5^b	7·7	35·2^b	15·0	675^b	92	558^b	211	600^ab	143	671^b	103	130^b	369
≥60	155	56·6^c	6·9	50·9^c	12·7	52·4^c	7·9	56·6^c	7·4	37·0^b	15·8	723^c	84	661^c	141	632^b	152	709^c	92	163^b	351
P ^§		<0·0001		<0·0001		<0·0001		<0·0001		0·0001		<0·0001		<0·0001		0·0003		<0·0001		<0·0001
Weight status^\|\|
Underweight	35	50·5	6·2	45·0	11·1	47·3	8·2	52·0	7·6	35·1	13·3	633	117	549	234	582	130	627^a	111	79	344
Normal weight	445	52·1	7·2	45·0	12·8	48·8	9·0	52·9	7·9	33·9	15·1	671	101	552	233	599	150	670^a	110	97	370
Overweight	159	52·5	7·9	45·2	12·0	49·5	9·3	53·6	8·2	34·9	16·0	664	116	569	198	598	152	656^a	110	103	427
P ^§		0·33		0·98		0·40		0·44		0·73		0·10		0·71		0·80		0·047		0·95
Dietary reporting status^¶
Underreporting	20	46·8^a	9·4	36·9^a	16·4	41·1^a	16·9	48·2^a	9·6	24·7^a	15·5	605^a	150	463	215	503^a	236	585^a	171	−99^a	529
Plausible reporting	604	52·2^b	7·2	45·2^b	12·3	49·1^b	8·5	53·1^b	7·9	34·5^b	15·0	671^b	102	560	225	601^b	145	669^b	106	106^a	371
Overreporting	15	54·9^b	7·9	47·5^b	12·0	49·4^b	9·9	55·7^b	8·5	36·4^ab	19·0	615^ab	159	521	221	589^ab	156	597^a	132	25^a	566
P ^§		0·002		0·01		0·0004		0·01		0·02		0·004		0·14		0·01		0·0002		0·047
Survey year
2003	250	53·6	6·9	47·0	11·9	49·9	8·5	54·9	8·1	35·7	14·9	689	96	586	225	601	147	684	97	136	326
2013	389	51·2	7·5	43·8	12·7	48·3	9·3	51·8	7·7	33·2	15·3	653	110	537	223	595	151	652	116	73	414
P ^‡		<0·0001		0·001		0·03		<0·0001		0·04		<0·0001		0·006		0·62		0·0003		0·04

A maximum score is 100. A higher score indicates a higher diet quality.

^†

A maximum score is 900. A higher score indicates a higher diet quality.

^‡

Based on independent t test.

^§

Based on ANOVA. When the overall P from ANOVA was < 0·05, a Bonferroni’s post hoc test was performed; mean values within each variable with unlike superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0·05).

^||

Underweight, normal weight and overweight were defined as participants having a BMI (in kg/m²) of <18·5, ≥18·5 to <25 and ≥25, respectively.

^¶

Underreporting, plausible reporting and overreporting were defined as participants having a ratio of reported energy intake:BMR of <1·02, ≥1·02 to <2·35 and ≥2·35, respectively.