Table 6.
Associations of intakes of foods from breakfast, lunch and dinner with total scores of the Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) of total diet in 639 Japanese adults aged 20–81 years*
| Breakfast (g/d) | P for trend | Lunch (g/d) | P for trend | Dinner (g/d) | P for trend | ||||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T1 (n 213) | T2 (n 213) | T3 (n 213) | T1 (n 213) | T2 (n 213) | T3 (n 213) | T1 (n 213) | T2 (n 213) | T3 (n 213) | |||||||||||||
| Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | Mean | se | ||||
| Rice | 56·2 | 4·9 | 74·1 | 4·7 | 70·4 | 4·9 | 0·048 | 128·6 | 4·7 | 142·0 | 4·5 | 125·1 | 4·7 | 0·64 | 142·9 | 4·9 | 141·3 | 4·7 | 117·0 | 4·9 | 0·0004 |
| Bread | 35·2 | 2·1 | 29·0 | 2·0 | 20·4 | 2·1 | < 0·0001 | 9·8 | 1·1 | 7·4 | 1·1 | 5·0 | 1·1 | 0·0048 | 2·2 | 0·5 | 2·1 | 0·5 | 1·1 | 0·5 | 0·11 |
| Noodles | 6·3 | 1·4 | 4·7 | 1·4 | 1·2 | 1·4 | 0·01 | 46·5 | 3·6 | 40·3 | 3·5 | 45·0 | 3·7 | 0·77 | 32·8 | 2·9 | 23·6 | 2·8 | 25·6 | 3·0 | 0·09 |
| Potatoes | 3·2 | 0·7 | 4·8 | 0·7 | 6·7 | 0·8 | 0·002 | 11·1 | 1·2 | 12·8 | 1·2 | 14·8 | 1·2 | 0·04 | 22·7 | 1·9 | 25·0 | 1·8 | 27·2 | 1·9 | 0·11 |
| Pulses† | 9·9 | 1·8 | 14·2 | 1·8 | 24·2 | 1·8 | < 0·0001 | 11·6 | 1·4 | 13·7 | 1·3 | 17·1 | 1·4 | 0·007 | 28·8 | 2·4 | 35·3 | 2·4 | 38·5 | 2·5 | 0·007 |
| Total vegetables | 27·7 | 2·6 | 39·2 | 2·5 | 52·2 | 2·7 | < 0·0001 | 72·9 | 3·6 | 83·1 | 3·4 | 93·2 | 3·6 | 0·0001 | 120·5 | 5·1 | 147·3 | 4·9 | 159·7 | 5·2 | < 0·0001 |
| Fruit | 10·0 | 2·5 | 22·0 | 2·4 | 41·3 | 2·6 | < 0·0001 | 10·1 | 1·8 | 15·7 | 1·7 | 26·2 | 1·8 | < 0·0001 | 7·5 | 2·0 | 13·9 | 2·0 | 30·2 | 2·1 | < 0·0001 |
| Fish‡ | 5·2 | 1·0 | 7·4 | 0·9 | 11·4 | 1·0 | < 0·0001 | 17·6 | 1·4 | 24·1 | 1·3 | 25·9 | 1·4 | < 0·0001 | 39·3 | 2·4 | 46·5 | 2·3 | 50·2 | 2·4 | 0·002 |
| Meat | 7·0 | 0·8 | 7·5 | 0·8 | 5·5 | 0·8 | 0·19 | 28·6 | 1·5 | 27·5 | 1·5 | 26·8 | 1·5 | 0·42 | 50·2 | 2·4 | 51·6 | 2·3 | 48·8 | 2·5 | 0·70 |
| Eggs | 11·3 | 1·1 | 14·6 | 1·0 | 15·0 | 1·1 | 0·02 | 15·1 | 1·0 | 14·1 | 1·0 | 13·6 | 1·0 | 0·32 | 11·6 | 0·9 | 12·0 | 0·9 | 10·9 | 0·9 | 0·60 |
| Dairy products | 53·7 | 5·4 | 59·5 | 5·2 | 83·0 | 5·4 | 0·0003 | 14·1 | 2·5 | 18·4 | 2·4 | 18·4 | 2·5 | 0·24 | 13·6 | 2·1 | 14·4 | 2·0 | 15·9 | 2·1 | 0·47 |
| Confectioneries | 5·3 | 0·9 | 4·8 | 0·8 | 4·0 | 0·9 | 0·30 | 8·1 | 1·0 | 4·9 | 1·0 | 4·4 | 1·0 | 0·01 | 4·4 | 0·8 | 5·8 | 0·8 | 4·0 | 0·8 | 0·75 |
| Alcoholic beverages | 0·2 | 0·2 | 0·7 | 0·2 | 0·4 | 0·2 | 0·44 | 3·7 | 3·2 | 6·7 | 3·0 | 8·5 | 3·2 | 0·31 | 83·8 | 14·9 | 129·9 | 14·3 | 140·1 | 15·0 | 0·01 |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 7·6 | 1·8 | 5·3 | 1·8 | 4·0 | 1·9 | 0·19 | 7·3 | 1·8 | 8·0 | 1·7 | 3·5 | 1·8 | 0·16 | 13·3 | 3·0 | 7·7 | 2·9 | 2·9 | 3·0 | 0·02 |
| Nonenergetic beverages | 200·0 | 10·7 | 173·6 | 10·3 | 181·9 | 10·8 | 0·25 | 175·9 | 9·0 | 161·4 | 8·6 | 181·2 | 9·0 | 0·71 | 154·5 | 8·6 | 130·6 | 8·3 | 132·4 | 8·7 | 0·08 |
T, tertile.
*
Examined using the general linear model, with adjustment for sex, age group, weight status, dietary reporting status and survey year. Median values (ranges) of total scores of the HEI-2015 of total diet for the first, second and third tertile categories were 45·7 (22·1–48·3), 51·3 (48·4–55·1) and 59·3 (55·2–77·2), respectively. A higher score indicates a higher diet quality.
†
Including nuts.
‡
Including shellfish.