Table 1.
Demographics of participants without kidney stone v. first kidney stone v. recurrent kidney stone
| Characteristics | All participants | Participants without kidney stone | Participants with first kidney stone | Participants with recurrent stone | P-value | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||
| n | 8195 | 7464 | 511 | 220 | |||||
| Age | 47·5 | 0·51 | 46·9 | 0·56 | 54·1 | 0·65 | 53·1 | 1·05 | <0·01 |
| Sex (male) | 50·5 | 0·6 | 50·1 | 0·6 | 53·3 | 2·7 | 57·7 | 4·0 | 0·12 |
| Race | <0·01 | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 70·2 | 2·4 | 69·5 | 2·4 | 74·2 | 2·8 | 84·0 | 3·8 | |
| Non-Hisptanic Black) | 10·2 | 1·1 | 10·6 | 1·2 | 6·8 | 1·3 | 2·3 | 0·7 | |
| Mexican-American | 7·5 | 1·3 | 7·7 | 1·3 | 7·0 | 1·9 | 4·1 | 1·3 | |
| Others | 12·2 | 1·1 | 12·3 | 1·1 | 12·0 | 1·9 | 9·7 | 3·2 | |
| Education | 0·15 | ||||||||
| < High school | 5·4 | 0·4 | 5·3 | 0·4 | 7·4 | 1·2 | 4·1 | 0·9 | |
| = High school | 32·4 | 1·4 | 32·0 | 1·3 | 35·8 | 3·2 | 38·7 | 6·4 | |
| >High school | 62·2 | 1·5 | 62·7 | 1·5 | 56·8 | 3·1 | 57·2 | 6·4 | |
| Smoking | 0·18 | ||||||||
| Never | 55·1 | 1·2 | 55·4 | 1·1 | 53·7 | 4·0 | 46·4 | 5·0 | |
| Former | 25·1 | 1·0 | 24·8 | 1·0 | 28·8 | 2·8 | 26·8 | 4·4 | |
| Current | 19·9 | 0·8 | 19·8 | 0·8 | 17·5 | 3·1 | 26·7 | 2·6 | |
| Alcohol | 0·39 | ||||||||
| Never | 26·0 | 0·8 | 25·7 | 0·9 | 28·3 | 2·0 | 29·4 | 5·3 | |
| Former | 31·9 | 0·9 | 32·3 | 1·0 | 26·8 | 3·0 | 29·8 | 3·1 | |
| Current | 42·1 | 1·0 | 42·0 | 1·0 | 44·9 | 3·1 | 40·8 | 5·0 | |
| BMI | <0·01 | ||||||||
| <25 kg/m2 | 30·3 | 1·2 | 31·4 | 1·2 | 21·3 | 2·6 | 15·4 | 2·9 | |
| 25–30 kg/m² | 34·4 | 0·9 | 34·3 | 1·0 | 36·1 | 3·0 | 33·5 | 3·2 | |
| >30 kg/m² | 35·3 | 0·9 | 34·3 | 0·9 | 42·6 | 2·6 | 51·1 | 3·5 | |
| Hypertension | 38·8 | 0·9 | 37·5 | 1·0 | 53·7 | 3·0 | 49·2 | 4·5 | <0·01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 10·1 | 0·4 | 9·2 | 0·5 | 19·1 | 2·1 | 19·6 | 3·1 | <0·01 |
| CKD* | 6·4 | 0·4 | 6·0 | 0·4 | 12·5 | 1·5 | 7·6 | 2·0 | <0·01 |
| Albuminuria | 7·5 | 0·4 | 7·2 | 0·4 | 11·8 | 1·8 | 8·8 | 2·1 | 0·03 |
| Hyperuricemia | 17·4 | 0·7 | 17·0 | 0·7 | 21·8 | 2·2 | 19·9 | 3·3 | 0·02 |
| Hyperlipidemia | 43·0 | 0·9 | 43·3 | 1·0 | 39·6 | 2·8 | 42·2 | 3·6 | 0·41 |
CKD, chronic kidney disease.
*
CKD is defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 60 ml/min/1·73 m2.
Continuous variables were expressed as medians and interquartile ranges, and categorical variables were expressed as frequency (percentage).