. 2021 Sep 23;25(4):1013–1026. doi: 10.1017/S1368980021004031

Table 5.

Micronutrient intakes per 1000 kcal by age/sex and household food insecurity status

	Food-secure		Marginally food insecure		Moderately food insecure		Severely food insecure		P-value^† (model 1)	P-value^‡ (model 2)	P _trend (model 2)
	Mean^*	sem	Mean^*	sem	Mean^*	sem	Mean^*	sem	P-value^† (model 1)	P-value^‡ (model 2)	P _trend (model 2)
Vitamin A (RAE/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	401·3^a	9·60	339·6^a,b	27·27	342·9^b	21·88	371·2^a,b	28·80	0·007	0·106	0·757
Older children, 9–18 years	333·6^a	10·61	319·6^a	30·13	294·6^a	18·30	254·6^a	19·40	0·004	0·478	0·124
Women, 19–64 years	401·6^a	15·00	372·9^a	31·23	354·0^a	37·89	336·4^a	47·49	0·094	0·855	0·381
Men, 19–64 years	335·3^a,b	11·45	356·8^a	40·86	277·8^b	27·58	298·4^a,b	47·75	0·063	0·192	0·164
Vitamin C (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	76·1^a	2·09	63·1^a	5·04	70·0^a	6·88	78·2^a	12·63	0·541	0·733	0·962
Older children, 9–18 years	60·6^a	1·54	60·9^a	5·94	55·7^a	4·45	67·6^a	7·21	0·161	0·221	0·597
Women, 19–64 years	64·3^a	2·57	63·3^a	6·82	58·8^a	7·32	47·5^a	6·12	0·046	0·354	0·331
Men, 19–64 years	50·1^a,c	1·61	49·0^a,b,c	10·82	49·5^a,b	7·92	29·6^b	4·89	0·005	0·089	0·035
Vitamin D (mcg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	4·1^a	0·09	4·9^a	0·47	3·2^b	0·22	3·8^a,b	0·30	0·006	0·009	0·062
Older children, 9–18 years	2·9^a	0·08	2·4^a	0·22	2·6^a	0·13	2·2^a	0·20	0·077	0·343	0·503
Women, 19–64 years	2·6^a	0·07	2·7^a	0·23	3·0^a	0·32	2·3^a	0·21	0·473	0·474	0·428
Men, 19–64 years	2·4^a	0·08	2·6^a	0·50	2·1^a	0·18	2·3^a	0·45	0·379	0·553	0·259
Thiamin (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	0·9^a	0·01	0·9^a	0·08	0·9^a	0·03	0·9^a	0·04	0·595	0·498	0·480
Older children, 9–18 years	0·9^a	0·01	0·9^a,b	0·06	0·9^a,b	0·04	0·8^b	0·04	0·072	0·131	0·021
Women, 19–64 years	0·9^a	0·01	0·9^a	0·04	0·9^a	0·03	0·8^a	0·04	0·881	0·715	0·739
Men, 19–64 years	0·8^a	0·01	0·9^a	0·04	0·8^a	0·04	0·9^a	0·07	0·635	0·594	0·686
Riboflavin (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	1·2^a	0·01	1·3^a	0·07	1·1^b	0·03	1·1^a,b	0·05	0·008	0·034	0·081
Older children, 9–18 years	1·0^a	0·01	0·9^b	0·04	0·9^a,b	0·02	0·9^a,b	0·05	0·004	0·089	0·213
Women, 19–64 years	1·1^a	0·01	1·1^a	0·05	1·1^a	0·04	1·1^a	0·05	0·669	0·631	0·807
Men, 19–64 years	1·0^a	0·01	1·0^a	0·05	1·0^a	0·05	1·0^a	0·07	0·052	0·479	0·778
Niacin (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	17·9^a	0·19	17·0^a	0·81	17·4^a	0·55	16·9^a	0·63	0·338	0·856	0·879
Older children, 9–18 years	19·1^a	0·24	18·0^a,b	0·68	18·6^a,b	0·54	17·1^b	0·61	0·065	0·143	0·044
Women, 19–64 years	21·2^a	0·25	21·7^a	1·18	22·3^a	0·95	21·1^a	0·85	0·602	0·575	0·771
Men, 19–64 years	22·1^a	0·26	21·0^a,b	0·99	20·3^b	0·92	21·1^a,b	0·96	0·027	0·097	0·537
Vitamin B₆ (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	0·8^a	0·01	0·9^a,b	0·09	0·7^b	0·03	0·8^a,b	0·05	0·004	0·017	0·084
Older children, 9–18 years	0·8^a	0·01	0·8^a	0·04	0·8^a	0·05	0·7^a	0·04	0·325	0·356	0·083
Women, 19–64 years	1·0^a	0·01	0·9^a	0·05	1·0^a	0·05	0·9^a	0·05	0·801	0·869	0·883
Men, 19–64 years	0·9^a	0·01	0·9^a	0·05	0·9^a	0·05	0·8^a	0·05	0·032	0·282	0·067
Folate (DFE/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	226·4^a	3·13	249·6^a	23·31	224·1^a	9·61	216·7^a	15·78	0·716	0·543	0·811
Older children, 9–18 years	239·9^a	2·91	236·5^a	11·58	232·1^a	9·16	218·6^a	10·89	0·366	0·454	0·155
Women, 19–64 years	252·8^a	3·74	247·6^a	13·78	230·2^a	8·66	228·9^a	12·53	0·028	0·678	0·361
Men, 19–64 years	237·4^a	2·93	218·9^a	12·20	218·2^a	10·48	228·3^a	15·91	0·088	0·252	0·664
Vitamin B₁₂ (mcg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	2·4^a	0·04	2·5^a	0·18	2·1^b	0·13	2·2^a,b	0·16	0·087	0·157	0·174
Older children, 9–18 years	2·2^a	0·11	1·7^a	0·14	1·9^a	0·09	1·7^a	0·16	0·009	0·078	0·211
Women, 19–64 years	2·2^a	0·08	2·3^a	0·22	2·4^a	0·32	2·6^a	0·44	0·390	0·653	0·385
Men, 19–64 years	2·2^a	0·06	2·1^a	0·19	2·1^a	0·11	2·1^a	0·29	0·928	0·895	0·527
Calcium (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	650·4^a	8·85	727·4^b	43·44	573·9^c	24·32	621·8^a,b,c	40·82	0·005	0·015	0·240
Older children, 9–18 years	492·8^a	6·34	430·9^a	22·51	452·0^a	16·70	422·5^a	24·27	0·003	0·423	0·595
Women, 19–64 years	450·0^a	6·41	459·9^a	24·01	418·2^a	21·26	442·3^a	27·41	0·335	0·510	0·897
Men, 19–64 years	401·0^a	5·95	410·3^a	35·96	380·5^a	19·81	378·0^a	28·11	0·539	0·772	0·619
Iron (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	6·6^a	0·09	7·0^a	0·40	6·8^a	0·31	6·5^a	0·27	0·664	0·749	0·911
Older children, 9–18 years	6·7^a	0·07	6·5^a	0·26	6·5^a	0·16	6·1^a	0·21	0·078	0·278	0·092
Women, 19–64 years	6·9^a	0·07	7·0^a	0·32	6·3^a	0·20	6·8^a	0·34	0·060	0·357	0·919
Men, 19–64 years	6·6^a	0·06	6·2^a	0·24	6·3^a	0·24	6·1^a	0·34	0·080	0·121	0·184
Mg (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	152·4^a	1·28	153·0^a	6·51	131·1^b	2·40	148·2^a	3·87	<.001	<.001	0·261
Older children, 9–18 years	141·9^a	1·25	142·6^a	4·54	138·5^a	4·99	128·9^a	5·46	0·043	0·227	0·039
Women, 19–64 years	180·7^a	2·13	175·8^a	7·57	168·1^a,b	5·71	157·3^b	5·85	0·001	0·064	0·008
Men, 19–64 years	167·4^a	2·48	152·6^a,b	5·77	148·5^b	4·68	149·4^a,b	4·59	<0·001	0·075	0·298
Phosphorous (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	761·3^a	6·47	827·0^b	42·12	683·2^c	19·26	755·3^a,b	23·20	0·003	0·007	0·513
Older children, 9–18 years	685·6^a	5·80	624·3^b	17·28	660·4^a,b	15·77	602·0^b	21·73	<0·001	0·030	0·086
Women, 19–64 years	711·8^a	7·56	693·7^a	19·74	664·0^a	17·02	677·6^a	17·53	0·073	0·494	0·386
Men, 19–64 years	681·1^a	5·79	688·6^a,b	33·07	632·0^b	16·32	655·1^a,b	35·45	0·036	0·078	0·175
Potassium (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	1498·7^a	14·21	1469·7^a,b	51·92	1300·7^b	36·39	1399·8^a,b	64·31	<0·0001	0·001	0·099
Older children, 9–18 years	1296·0^a	11·13	1322·3^a	67·85	1243·6^a	46·28	1234·0^a	53·84	0·291	0·605	0·337
Women, 19–64 years	1569·6^a	18·93	1536·2^a	54·29	1558·7^a	47·67	1423·1^a	51·43	0·094	0·283	0·211
Men, 19–64 years	1434·8^a	14·19	1454·9^a	84·28	1362·7^a	47·11	1343·8^a	74·64	0·053	0·524	0·414
Zinc (mg/1000 kcal)
Younger children, 1–8 years	5·1^a	0·06	4·9^a	0·14	4·8^a	0·14	4·9^a	0·19	0·104	0·612	0·685
Older children, 9–18 years	5·3^a	0·08	5·0^a,b	0·26	4·9^a	0·12	4·4^b	0·25	0·001	0·024	0·006
Women, 19–64 years	5·6^a	0·07	6·0^a	0·34	5·5^a	0·26	5·3^a	0·30	0·297	0·428	0·150
Men, 19–64 years	5·8^a	0·08	5·5^a,b	0·27	5·5^b	0·22	5·2^b	0·36	0·110	0·022	0·017

sem, standard error of the mean; RAE, retinol activity equivalents; DFE, dietary folate equivalents.

Separate models were run for each age-sex stratum. Means were derived from ANOVA, adjusted for age and sex (children’s models only).

^†

P-values were derived from ANOVA, adjusted for age and sex (children’s models only) with household food insecurity status entered as a four-level categorical variable.

^‡

P-values were derived from ANOVA, adjusted for age, sex (children’s models only), education, income and region, with household food insecurity status entered as a four-level categorical variable.

^a,b,c

Mean values within a row with unlike superscript letters were significantly different (P < 0·05).