Table 2.
Relative contribution of the dietary intake of food groups to UPF (NOVA group 4)
| Characteristics | All participants n 4679 |
|---|---|
| Total energy intake, kcal/d | |
| Mean | 2025 |
| sd | 727·1 |
| Energy from unprocessed/minimally processed, kcal/d | |
| Mean | 878·9 |
| sd | 289·9 |
| Energy from processed culinary ingredients, kcal/d | |
| Mean | 36·7 |
| sd | 46·8 |
| Energy from processed food, kcal/d | |
| Mean | 573·8 |
| sd | 324·7 |
| Energy from ultra-processed food, kcal/d | |
| Mean | 535·7 |
| sd | 346·7 |
| Ultra-processed food consumption, g/d | |
| Mean | 370·7 |
| sd | 328·6 |
| Energy from ultra-processed food, % of total energy | |
| Mean | 24·4 |
| sd | 13·9 |
| Ultra-processed food by food groups (% ultra-processed energy) | |
| Sugar-sweetened beverages | 18·4 % |
| Milkshakes and juice boxes | 17·5 % |
| Meat and meat products* | 16·3 % |
| Dairy products† | 13·5 % |
| Cakes and pastries‡ | 10·7 % |
| Sweets and cookies§ | 9·8 % |
| Breakfast cereals | 4·5 % |
| Ultra-processed cheese | 3·0 % |
| Liquors | 2·3 % |
| Sauces and dressings | 2·0 % |
| Salty snacks | 1·0 % |
| Margarine | 1·0 % |
*
Includes ham, cold cuts, sausages and hamburgers.
†
Includes yogurts and fermented milk, ice cream, and petit suisse.
‡
Includes doughnuts, muffins or other non-hand-made pastries.
§
Includes biscuits, chocolate cookies, candies and chocolates.