Table 3.
Cox proportional hazard ratios (Wald’s 95 % CI) for all-cause mortality according to ultra-processed food consumption (measured as % of total energy intake) in the DRECE study
| Variables | P-value | HR | 95 % CI |
|---|---|---|---|
| Model 1 † AIC = 6697·52; C-index = 0·84 (445 deaths) | |||
| Age, years | <0·0001 | 1·10 | 1·09, 1·11 |
| Sex (female) | <0·0001 | 0·42 | 0·35, 0·52 |
| Energy from ultra-processed food, % of total energy* | 0·0122 | 1·11 | 1·02, 1·20 |
| Schoenfeld’s global test | 0·2980 | ||
| Model 2 ‡ AIC = 6324·05; C-index = 0·84 (424 deaths) | |||
| Age, years | <0·0001 | 1·10 | 1·09, 1·11 |
| Sex (female) | <0·0001 | 0·47 | 0·37, 0·59 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | <0·0001 | 1·05 | 1·02, 1·07 |
| Physical activity (yes) | 0·2972 | 0·90 | 0·74, 1·09 |
| Alcohol intake, servings/d | 0·3802 | 1·01 | 0·99, 1·03 |
| Smokers (yes) | <0·0001 | 1·63 | 1·31, 2·04 |
| Total energy intake, 1000 kcal/d | 0·1540 | 0·87 | 0·73, 1·05 |
| Energy from ultra-processed food, % of total energy* | 0·0012 | 1·16 | 1·06, 1·26 |
| Schoenfeld’s global test | 0·6830 | ||
| Model 3 § AIC = 4342·15 C-index = 0·85 (303 Deaths) | |||
| Age, years | <0·0001 | 1·10 | 1·08, 1·11 |
| Sex (female) | <0·0001 | 0·45 | 0·34, 0·59 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 0·0027 | 1·04 | 1·01, 1·07 |
| Physical activity (yes) | 0·1048 | 0·82 | 0·65, 1·04 |
| Alcohol intake, servings/d | 0·9914 | 1·00 | 0·98, 1·02 |
| Smokers (yes) | 0·0004 | 1·60 | 1·23, 2·08 |
| Total energy intake, 1000 kcal/d | 0·7556 | 0·97 | 0·78, 1·19 |
| Family history of CVD | 0·3781 | 1·12 | 0·87, 1·46 |
| History of diabetes | <0·0001 | 2·73 | 1·78, 4·17 |
| History of hypertension | 0·3022 | 1·20 | 0·85, 1·68 |
| History of angina | 0·4448 | 1·34 | 0·63, 2·82 |
| History of myocardial infarction | 0·0032 | 3·86 | 1·57, 9·45 |
| History of atherosclerosis | 0·0252 | 1·66 | 1·06, 2·58 |
| Energy from ultra-processed food, % of total energy* | 0·0129 | 1·15 | 1·03, 1·27 |
| Schoenfeld’s global test | 0·0928 | ||
AIC, Akaike information criterion.
The names of the different models constructed are shown in bold. The Schoenfeld’s global test for each model is shown in italic.
*
Calculated for every 10 %.
†
Model 1 was adjusted for age and sex.
‡
Model 2 was adjusted for the variables in model 1 plus BMI, physical activity, alcohol intake, smoking status and total energy intake.
§
Model 3 was adjusted for the variables in model 2 plus family history of CVD, history of diabetes, hypertension, angina, myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis.