Table 1.
A comparison of the characteristics of immigrant and Canadian-born study participants (n 3010)
| Characteristic | Canadian-born n (%) 2271 (75·4) | Non-Canadian born n (%) 739 (24·6) | P-value | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | % | n | % | ||
| Socio-demographic characteristics | |||||
| Maternal age (years) | 0·002 | ||||
| 18–24 | 166 | 7·3 | 33 | 4·5 | |
| 25–29 | 513 | 22·6 | 158 | 21·4 | |
| 30–34 | 981 | 43·2 | 306 | 41·4 | |
| ≥ 35 | 611 | 26·9 | 242 | 32·8 | |
| Maternal education | < 0·001 | ||||
| High-school or below | 206 | 9·1 | 48 | 6·5 | |
| Some postsecondary | 683 | 30·1 | 180 | 24·4 | |
| University degree or above | 1382 | 60·9 | 511 | 69·2 | |
| Annual household income (CAD) | < 0·001 | ||||
| < $50 000 | 234 | 10·3 | 140 | 18·9 | |
| $50 000–$99 999 | 671 | 29·6 | 239 | 32·3 | |
| $100 000–$149 999 | 628 | 27·7 | 141 | 19·1 | |
| ≥ $150 000 | 532 | 23·4 | 141 | 19·1 | |
| Not specified | 206 | 9·1 | 78 | 10·6 | |
| Home ownership | < 0·001 | ||||
| No | 503 | 22·2 | 280 | 37·9 | |
| Yes | 1768 | 77·9 | 459 | 62·1 | |
| Married or living with partner | .16 | ||||
| No | 146 | 6·4 | 37 | 5·0 | |
| Yes | 2125 | 93·6 | 702 | 95·0 | |
| Study recruitment site | < 0·001 | ||||
| Edmonton | 559 | 24·61 | 124 | 16·8 | |
| Toronto | 508 | 22·37 | 215 | 29·1 | |
| Vancouver | 430 | 18·93 | 253 | 34·2 | |
| Winnipeg | 774 | 34·08 | 147 | 19·9 | |
| Smoked during pregnancy | < 0·001 | ||||
| No | 2169 | 95·5 | 728 | 98·5 | |
| Yes | 102 | 4·5 | 11 | 1·5 | |
| Living with current smoker | 0·03 | ||||
| No | 1966 | 86·6 | 663 | 89·7 | |
| Yes | 305 | 13·4 | 76 | 10·3 | |
| Maternal and birth characteristics | |||||
| Parity | 0·36 | ||||
| Primiparous | 1167 | 51·4 | 394 | 53·3 | |
| Multiparous | 1104 | 48·6 | 345 | 46·7 | |
| Mode of birth | 0·02 | ||||
| Vaginal | 1718 | 75·7 | 528 | 71·5 | |
| Caesarean section | 553 | 24·4 | 211 | 28·6 | |
| Gestational age | .19 | ||||
| Preterm (35–< 37 weeks) | 24 | 3·3 | 98 | 4·3 | |
| Early-term (37–< 39 weeks) | 186 | 25·2 | 513 | 22·6 | |
| Full-term (≥ 39 weeks) | 529 | 71·6 | 1660 | 73·1 | |
| Birth weight (g) | < 0·001 | ||||
| < 2500 | 46 | 2·0 | 25 | 3·4 | |
| 2500–< 3250 | 652 | 28·7 | 260 | 35·2 | |
| 3250–< 4000 | 1243 | 54·7 | 375 | 50·7 | |
| ≥ 4000 | 330 | 14·5 | 79 | 10·7 | |
| Baby rooming in with mother | 0·05 | ||||
| No | 372 | 16·4 | 99 | 13·4 | |
| Yes | 1899 | 83·6 | 640 | 86·6 | |
| Initiated breastfeeding | 0·007 | ||||
| No | 166 | 7·3 | 33 | 4·5 | |
| Yes | 2105 | 92·7 | 706 | 95·5 | |
| Breast-feeding at 6 months | 0·002 | ||||
| No | 549 | 24·8 | 132 | 19·1 | |
| Yes | 1665 | 75·2 | 560 | 80·9 | |
| Immigration characteristics | |||||
| Years lived in Canada | |||||
| < 5 | 213 | 28·8 | |||
| 5–< 10 | 158 | 21·4 | |||
| 10–< 20 | 154 | 20·8 | |||
| ≥ 20 | 214 | 29·0 | |||
| Mother’s age at migration | |||||
| < 18 | – | 237 | 36·9 | ||
| ≥ 18 | – | 466 | 63·1 | ||
| Economic region | |||||
| North America | – | 71 | 9·6 | ||
| Latin America & Caribbean | – | 105 | 14·2 | ||
| Europe & Central Asia | – | 191 | 25·9 | ||
| Middle East & Africa | – | 74 | 10·0 | ||
| Asia & Pacific | – | 298 | 40·3 | ||
| Country income level | |||||
| High | – | 325 | 44·0 | ||
| Upper middle | – | 198 | 26·8 | ||
| Lower middle – low | – | 216 | 29·2 | ||
| GDI | |||||
| High | – | 354 | 47·9 | ||
| Moderate | – | 279 | 37·8 | ||
| Low | – | 106 | 14·3 | ||
GDI: Gender Development Index.