Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted odds ratios for any breast-feeding at 6-month postpartum by birthplace (n 2906)
| Canadian Born (n 2214) | Non-Canadian Born (n 692) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Unadjusted | Adjusted* | Unadjusted | Adjusted* | |||||
| Characteristic | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI | OR | 95 % CI |
| Socio-demographic characteristics | ||||||||
| Maternal age (years) | ||||||||
| 18–24 | 1 | – | – | – | 1 | – | – | – |
| 25–29 | 4·01 | 2·77, 5·80 | – | – | 3·31 | 1·45, 7·57 | – | – |
| 30–34 | 4·97 | 3·51, 7·03 | – | – | 3·28 | 1·52, 7·08 | – | – |
| ≥ 35 | 7·36 | 5·03, 10·8 | – | – | 2·81 | 1·29, 6·12 | – | – |
| Maternal education | ||||||||
| High-school or below | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Some post-secondary | 2·20 | 1·60, 3·02 | 1·73 | 1·23, 2·42 | 1·16 | 0·57, 2·38 | 0·90 | 0·41, 2·01 |
| University degree or above | 5·30 | 3·88, 7·22 | 3·52 | 2·49, 4·97 | 2·76 | 1·39, 5·47 | 2·11 | 0·95, 4·66 |
| Annual household income (CAD) | ||||||||
| < $50 000 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| $50 000-$99 999 | 2·37 | 1·72, 3·25 | 1·16 | 0·81, 1·67 | 1·28 | 0·75, 2·20 | 1·12 | 0·63, 2·01 |
| $100 000-$149 999 | 2·83 | 2·04, 3·92 | 1·05 | 0·70, 1·55 | 1·12 | 0·61, 2·06 | 0·73 | 0·37, 1·45 |
| ≥ $150 000 | 2·99 | 2·13, 4·19 | 0·96 | 0·62, 1·47 | 1·31 | 0·70, 2·43 | 0·88 | 0·43, 1·82 |
| Not specified | 2·00 | 1·33, 2·99 | 1·34 | 0·86, 2·09 | 1·03 | 0·50, 2·10 | 1·15 | 0·53, 2·47 |
| Home ownership | ||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 1·44 | 1·15, 1·80 | 1·00 | 0·76, 1·32 | 1·43 | 0·98, 2·11 | 1·55 | 0·996, 2·40 |
| Married or living with partner | ||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 3·77 | 2·68, 5·32 | 2·01 | 1·37, 2·95 | 2·45 | 1·15, 5·26 | 1·78 | 0·80, 3·97 |
| Smoked during pregnancy | ||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 0·18 | 0·12, 0·27 | 0·47 | 0·29, 0·76 | 0·06 | 0·01, 0·26 | 0·08 | 0·02, 0·42 |
| Living with current smoker | ||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 0·33 | 0·25, 0·42 | 0·49 | 0·37, 0·64 | 0·49 | 0·29, 0·84 | 0·61 | 0·35, 1·08 |
| Study recruitment site | ||||||||
| Edmonton | 1 | – | 1 | – | – | – | ||
| Toronto | 1·23 | 0·93, 1·63 | 1·43 | 0·84, 2·43 | – | – | ||
| Vancouver | 3·27 | 2·29, 4·68 | 2·38 | 1·37, 4·13 | – | – | ||
| Winnipeg | 0·93 | 0·73, 1·18 | 1·46 | 0·82, 2·60 | – | – | ||
| Maternal and birth characteristics | ||||||||
| Parity | ||||||||
| Primiparous | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Multiparous | 1·10 | 0·90, 1·33 | 1·03 | 0·84, 1·28 | 0·87 | 0·59, 1·27 | 0·99 | 0·65, 1·50 |
| Mode of birth | ||||||||
| Vaginal | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Caesarean | 0·69 | 0·56, 0·86 | 0·62 | 0·49, 0·79 | 0·81 | 0·54, 1·23 | 0·84 | 0·54, 1·32 |
| Gestational age | ||||||||
| Full-term (≥ 39 weeks) | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Early-term (37–< 39 weeks) | 0·68 | 0·55, 0·85 | 0·65 | 0·51, 0·82 | 0·71 | 0·47, 1·08 | 0·76 | 0·49, 1·18 |
| Preterm (35–< 37 weeks) | 1·01 | 0·62, 1·65 | 1·03 | 0·61, 1·74 | 1·07 | 0·36, 3·22 | 1·33 | 0·40, 4·44 |
| Birth Weight (g) | ||||||||
| < 2500 | 1 | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | |
| 2500–< 3250 | 0·99 | 0·49, 2·01 | 1·08 | 0·50, 2·32 | 0·79 | 0·22, 2·78 | 0·89 | 0·24, 3·35 |
| 3250–< 4000 | 0·98 | 0·49, 1·96 | 0·96 | 0·44, 2·08 | 0·50 | 0·15, 1·72 | 0·52 | 0·14, 1·96 |
| > 4000 | 0·96 | 0·47, 1·99 | 0·87 | 0·38, 1·96 | 0·60 | 0·16, 2·31 | 0·60 | 0·14, 2·56 |
| Baby rooming in with mother | ||||||||
| No | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – | 1 | – |
| Yes | 1·14 | 0·89, 1·47 | 1·17 | 0·90, 1·52 | 0·82 | 0·46, 1·45 | 0·83 | 0·47, 1·49 |
Covariates for each model are as follows:
Maternal age: no adjustment needed.
Maternal education: adjusted for maternal age.
Household income: adjusted for maternal age, education, marital status and study site.
Home ownership: adjusted for maternal age, education, marital status, household income and study site.
Marital status: adjusted for maternal age and education.
Smoked during pregnancy: adjusted for maternal age, education, marital status, household income and live with current smoker.
Live with current smoker: adjusted for household income and maternal education.
Study recruitment site: no adjustment needed.
Parity: adjusted for maternal age, education, marital status and household income.
Mode of birth: adjusted for maternal age, education, household income, smoked during pregnancy, live with a current smoker, parity, gestational age and birth weight.
Gestational age: adjusted for maternal age, education, household income, smoked during pregnancy, live with current smoker and parity.
Birth weight: adjusted for maternal age, education, household income, smoked during pregnancy, live with current smoker, parity and gestational age.
Baby rooming in with mother: adjusted for mode of birth, gestational age and birth weight.