. 2022 Apr 13;25(10):2758–2771. doi: 10.1017/S1368980022000891

Table 2.

Associations between parental education, food parenting practices and dietary intake in children, n 6705

Food parenting practices	Parental education			Water			Fruits and vegetables			Sugar-rich foods			Savoury snacks
Food parenting practices	Adj. R²	β	P value	Adj. R²	β	P value	Adj. R²	β	P value	Adj. R²	β	P value	Adj. R²	β	P value
Positive food parenting practices
HA fruit	0·082	0·144	<0·001	0·188	0·057	<0·001	0·120	0·290	<0·001	0·147	−0·046	<0·001	0·128	−0·088	<0·001
HA fresh fruit juice	0·123	0·028	0·026	0·185	−0·010	0·417	0·094	0·240	<0·001	0·149	−0·060	<0·001	0·121	−0·025	0·061
HA vegetables	0·121	0·097	<0·001	0·188	0·055	<0·001	0·112	0·281	<0·001	0·146	−0·026	0·030	0·124	−0·063	<0·001
Parental modelling of fruit intake	0·041	0·026	0·044	0·193	0·094	<0·001	0·191	0·393	<0·001	0·152	−0·080	<0·001	0·125	−0·064	<0·001
Negative food parenting practices
HA sugar juices	0·071	−0·088	<0·001	0·191	−0·079	<0·001	0·044	−0·039	0·001	0·201	0·243	<0·001	0·141	0·148	<0·001
HA soft drinks	0·212	−0·122	<0·001	0·192	−0·097	<0·001	0·050	−0·095	<0·001	0·197	0·257	<0·001	0·152	0·202	<0·001
HA light soft drinks	0·184	0·003	0·813	0·186	−0·034	0·005	0·043	0·015	0·254	0·147	0·038	0·002	0·123	0·050	<0·001
HA sweets	0·195	0·007	0·568	0·189	−0·059	<0·001	0·048	−0·084	<0·001	0·267	0·388	<0·001	0·148	0·186	<0·001
HA salty snacks	0·233	−0·079	<0·001	−0·186	−0·043	0·001	0·047	−0·077	<0·001	0·199	0·263	<0·001	0·245	0·410	<0·001
Permissiveness	0·084	−0·078	<0·001	−0·192	−0·089	<0·001	0·051	−0·093	<0·001	0·229	0·302	<0·001	0·182	0·258	<0·001
Using food as a reward^*	0·072	−0·099	<0·001	0·189	−0·063	<0·001	0·045	−0·050	<0·001	0·182	0·198	<0·001	0·159	0·202	<0·001
Children’s food intake
Water	0·185	0·041	0·001	–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–
Fruit and vegetables	0·043	0·053	<0·001	–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–
Sugar-rich foods	0·146	−0·052	<0·001	–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–
Salty snacks and fast food	0·121	−0·123	<0·001	–	–		–	–		–	–		–	–

β , Standardised coefficients; HA, home availability.

n 6705, except for salty snacks and fast food (savoury snacks), n 5765.

Individual linear regressions were performed using the log-transformed scales of outcome variables and were adjusted for country and parental and children’s sex, age and BMI.

Parental education was also included as covariate to test the associations between FPP and dietary intake.

Boldface indicates statistical significance.