Table 3 -.
Means (°) of joint angles for pre-pubertal, mid-pubertal, and post-pubertal stages and results of linear mixed models analyses comparing pre- to mid-pubertal, mid- to post-pubertal, and pre- to post-pubertal stages.
| Joint | Plane/Movement | Mean (95% CI) | Pubertal Stage | MD (95% CI) | p-value | B-H | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pre | Mid | Post | I | J | ||||||
| RoM (Total) | Trunk | Frontal | 26.88 (24.31, 29.45) | 24.52 (22.61, 26.42) | 23.13 (21.01, 25.25) | Pre | Mid | 2.37 (−0.90, 5.62) | 0.197 | 0.626 |
| Pre | Post | 3.75 (−0.21, 7.28) | 0.035 | 0.189 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 1.38 (−1.30, 4.07) | 0.433 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Sagittal | 15.01 (12.50, 17.51) | 16.48 (14.62, 18.35) | 17.61 (15.54, 19.68) | Pre | Mid | −1.48 (−4.64, 1.68) | 0.502 | 1.000 | ||
| Pre | Post | −2.60 (−6.03, 0.82) | 0.170 | 0.574 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | −1.13 (−3.73, 1.47) | 0.551 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Transverse | 22.61 (19.52, 25.70) | 25.25 (22.88, 27.62) | 28.07 (25.47, 30.67) | Pre | Mid | −2.64 (−6.37, 1.09) | 0.212 | 0.636 | ||
| Pre | Post | −5.46 (−9.52, 1.40) | 0.006 | 0.054 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | −2.81 (−5.87, 0.23) | 0.075 | 0.337 | ||||||
| Hip | Frontal | 18.62 (16.79, 20.47) | 18.46 (17.18, 19.75) | 18.73 (17.26, 20.21) | Pre | Mid | 0.17 (−2.35, 2.68) | 0.987 | 1.000 | |
| Pre | Post | −0.11 (−2.80, 2.59) | 0.995 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | −0.27 (−2.38, 1.84) | 0.949 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Sagittal | 49.02 (46.04, 52.00) | 43.94 (41.85, 46.02) | 43.45 (41.06, 45.83) | Pre | Mid | 5.08 (−1.00, 9.16) | 0.011 | 0.066 | ||
| Pre | Post | 5.57 (−1.20, 9.95) | 0.001 | 0.027* | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 0.49 (−2.93, 3.91) | 0.937 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Transverse | 18.64 (16.23, 21.05) | 18.46 (16.70, 20.22) | 17.56 (15.59, 19.53) | Pre | Mid | 0.18 (−2.93, 3.29) | 0.990 | 1.000 | ||
| Pre | Post | 1.08 (−2.29, 4.45) | 0.722 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 0.90 (−1.67, 3.48) | 0.676 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Knee | Frontal | 8.37 (7.44, 9.30) | 8.41 (7.74, 9.08) | 8.07 (7.32, 8.82) | Pre | Mid | −0.04 (−1.27, 1.18) | 0.996 | 1.000 | |
| Pre | Mid | 0.30 (−1.02, 1.62) | 0.849 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 0.34 (−0.67, 1.36) | 0.696 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Sagittal | 46.35 (43.40, 49.30) | 45.17 (42.94, 47.40) | 45.57 (43.12, 48.03) | Pre | Mid | 1.18 (−2.46, 4.83) | 0.716 | 1.000 | ||
| Pre | Post | 0.78 ( −3.18, 4.74) | 0.884 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | −0.40 (−3.39, 2.59) | 0.944 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Transverse | 21.89 (19.48, 24.30) | 21.19 (19.39, 22.98) | 21.41 (19.42, 23.40) | Pre | Mid | 0.70 (−2.33, 3.73) | 0.842 | 1.000 | ||
| Pre | Post | 0.48 (−2.81, 3.77) | 0.935 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | −0.23 (−2.72, 2.27) | 0.974 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Joint Angle (IC) | Hip | Flexion | 29.33 (26.15, 32.51) | 23.08 (20.72, 25.44) | 22.23 (19.61, 24.86) | Pre | Mid | 6.25 (−2.24, 10.26) | 0.001 | 0.018* |
| Pre | Post | 7.10 (−2.75, 11.45) | <0.001 | 0.054 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 0.85 (−2.45, 4.15) | 0.810 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Knee | Flexion | 24.36 (20.65, 28.08) | 23.21 (20.27, 26.15) | 24.60 (20.65, 28.08) | Pre | Mid | 1.15 (−3.12, 5.42) | 0.793 | 1.000 | |
| Pre | Post | 0.24 (−2.42, 4.90) | 0.992 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | −1.39 (−4.86, 2.08) | 0.601 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Joint Angle (Peak) | Trunk | Flexion | 41.94 (39.28, 44.59) | 38.75 (36.71, 40.78) | 37.14 (34.91, 39.37) | Pre | Mid | 3.19 (−0.03, 6.41) | 0.05 | 0.245 |
| Pre | Post | 4.80 (−1.29, 8.30) | 0.005 | 0.054 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 1.60 (−1.03, 4.24) | 0.314 | 0.848 | ||||||
| Lateral Flexion | 18.26 (15.18, 21.35) | 17.04 (14.79, 19.29) | 15.35 (12.83, 17.87) | Pre | Mid | 1.22 (−2.79, 5.23) | 0.745 | 1.000 | ||
| Pre | Post | 2.91 (−1.42, 7.25) | 0.248 | 0.705 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 1.69 (−1.63, 5.00) | 0.442 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Contralat Rotation | 17.47 (13.77, 21.17) | 21.89 (19.19, 24.58) | 25.05 (22.03, 28.07 | Pre | Mid | −4.42 (−9.21, 0.37) | 0.077 | 0.320 | ||
| Pre | Post | −7.58 (−12.77, 2.40) | 0.002 | 0.027* | ||||||
| Mid | Post | −3.16 (−7.13, 0.80) | 0.142 | 0.511 | ||||||
| Hip | Flexion | 38.66 (35.16, 42.16) | 32.71 (30.14, 35.28) | 32.65 (29.78, 35.52) | Pre | Mid | 5.95 (−1.46, 10.43) | 0.006 | 0.046* | |
| Pre | Post | 6.01 (−1.15, 10.86) | 0.011 | 0.074 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 0.06 (−3.64, 3.76) | 0.100 | 0.386 | ||||||
| Adduction | 5.72 (3.86, 7.59) | 6.33 (5.02, 7.63) | 6.19 (4.70, 7.68) | Pre | Mid | −0.61 (−3.15, 1.94) | 0.836 | 1.000 | ||
| Pre | Post | −0.47 (−3.21, 2.27) | 0.911 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 0.14 (−2.00, 2.27) | 0.987 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Knee | Flexion | 56.14 (52.96, 59.32) | 56.75 (54.17, 59.33) | 56.79 (54.02, 59.55) | Pre | Mid | −0.61 (−4.10, 2.87) | 0.906 | 1.000 | |
| Pre | Post | −0.65 (−4.46, 3.16) | 0.912 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | −0.03 (−2.86, 2.79) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Abduction | 7.62 (5.97, 9.26) | 8.28 (6.88, 9.69) | 8.27 (6.79, 9.75) | Pre | Mid | −0.67 (−2.28, 0.95) | 0.584 | 1.000 | ||
| Pre | Post | −0.65 (−2.42, 1.12) | 0.650 | 1.000 | ||||||
| Mid | Post | 0.01 (−1.29, 1.32) | 1.000 | 1.000 | ||||||
Abbreviations: BMI, Body Mass Index; SD, standard deviation; RoM, Range of Motion; I, pubertal stage (control); J, pubertal stage (comparator); Contralat rotation, contralateral rotation or rotation away from intended direction and toward the stance leg; MD, mean difference = I – J; BH, Benjamini-Hochberg adjusted p-value;
*
, statistical significance (α ≤ 0.05); IC, initial contact.