Table 2.
Ethogram used to measure dog behavior during the separation and car travel tests.
| Behavior | Type | Definition | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Repetitive pacing/circling | State | Start | Repeats behavioral sequence 2 or more times without a specific goal, following a fixed route. May pause for up to 2 s |
| Finish | Dog ceases the repetitive nature of the movement or begins a different behavior | ||
| Panting | State | Start | Increased shallow respiration through an open mouth, may have tongue out (70) |
| Finish | Mouth is closed—normal breathing resumes | ||
| Whining | State | Start | Dog produces sound such as whines, whimpers, and yelps originating from the throat and mouth |
| Finish | Sounds production ceases | ||
| Barking | Event | Head and lips forward, mouth opening and shutting repeatedly to emit a large, sharp, short sound from the throat (84)* | |
| Howling | Event | Raised muzzle perpendicular to ground and emits a long drawn out sound through semi-closed jaw (84)* | |
| Play behavior | State | Start | Interaction (e.g., mouthing/pawing) with toys and/or box whilst exhibiting soft/relaxed body language |
| Finish | Dog ceases behavior | ||
| Digging | State | Start | Mouth/front paws and claws used to attempt movement/displacement of substrate other than external door |
| Finish | Dog ceases behavior | ||
| Escape behavior | State | Start | Tries to dig, bite, or scratch at the external door—not directed at themselves |
| Finish | Dog ceases behavior | ||
| Elimination | Event | Squat/leg raised in order to urinate and/or hind end lowered and back arched in order to defecate (84)* | |
| Vomiting | Event | Open mouth and retch causing vomit from the mouth | |
| Yawning (car test only) | Event | An involuntary take of breath through a wide-open mouth (70) | |
| Lip licking (car test only) | Event | Dog flicks tongue around the outside of mouth, on lips and/or quickly over the nose |
*
Modified.