Table 3.

Subgroup analyses of CLA supplementation on inflammatory cytokines and adipokines.

	Number of studies	WMD (95%CI)	p-value	Heterogeneity
				P heterogeneity	I 2
Subgroup analyses of CLA supplementation on CRP (mg/dl)
Overall effect	24	0.26 (0.00, 0.52)	0.048	<0.001	56.3%
Baseline CRP (mg/dl)
<3	15	0.31 (0.05, 0.57)	0.016	0.003	58.0%
≥3	9	0.27 (−0.71, 1.26)	0.583	0.028	53.4%
Trial duration (week)
≥12	14	0.44 (−0.01, 0.89)	0.056	0.008	54.3%
<12	10	0.15 (−0.18, 0.49)	0.361	0.007	60.0%
Health status
Healthy	19	0.39 (0.10, 0.68)	0.008	0.001	57.1%
Unhealthy	5	−0.21 (−0.84, 0.41)	0.508	0.078	52.4%
Supplementation dose (g/day)
≥3	13	0.49 (0.09, 0.90)	0.017	<0.001	67.3%
<3	11	0.05 (−0.29, 0.40)	0.759	0.104	36.9%
Sex
Both sexes	16	0.34 (−0.12, 0.81)	0.149	0.009	51.3%
Male	7	0.27 (−0.10, 0.65)	0.151	0.004	68.6%
Female	1	−0.10 (−0.52, 0.32)	0.644	–	–
Baseline BMI (kg/m2)
Normal (18.5–24.9)	3	0.06 (−0.57, 0.71)	0.836	0.001	86.8%
Overweight (25–29.9)	12	0.25 (−0.07, 0.57)	0.131	0.288	15.9%
Obese (>30)	9	0.25 (−0.07, 0.57)	0.111	0.005	63.8%
Isomer’s type
Both	19	0.25 (−0.05, 0.56)	0.104	<0.001	64.0%
CLA-c9t11	3	0.29 (−0.35, 0.93)	0.373	0.948	0.0%
CLA-t10c12	2	0.45 (−0.08, 0.98)	0.100	0.671	0.0%
Subgroup analyses of CLA supplementation on IL-6 (pg/ml).
Overall effect	19	−0.66 (−1.14, −0.19)	0.006	<0.001	86.3%
Trial duration (week)
≥12	10	0.32 (−0.19, 0.83)	0.224	0.335	11.7%
<12	9	−1.16 (−1.82, −0.50)	0.001	<0.001	90.4%
Health status
Healthy	14	−0.55 (−1.39, 0.28)	0.192	<0.001	87.7%
Unhealthy	5	−0.61 (−1.09, −0.14)	0.010	0.017	67.0%
Supplementation dose (g/day)
≥3	9	−0.15 (−0.44, 0.14)	0.310	<0.001	71.4%
<3	10	−1.65 (−3.45, 0.14)	0.072	<0.001	79.0%
Sex
Both sexes	13	−0.84 (−2.09, 0.40)	0.184	<0.001	89.6%
Male	6	−0.31 (−0.51, −0.12)	0.002	0.335	12.5%
Baseline BMI (kg/m2)
Normal (18.5–24.9)	2	−1.66 (−5.15, 1.82)	0.349	0.021	81.1%
Overweight (25–29.9)	10	−0.88 (−2.34, 0.57)	0.236	<0.001	87.4%
Obese (>30)	6	−0.15 (0.49, 0.18)	0.379	0.006	69.5%
Isomer’s type
Both	17	−0.68 (−1.15, −0.21)	0.005	<0.001	87.2%
CLA-c9t11	1	−7.84 (−16.90, 1.22)	0.090	–	–
CLA-t10c12	1	5.77 (−0.38, 11.92)	0.066	–	–
Subgroup analyses of CLA supplementation on TNF-α (ng/ml)
Overall effect	19	−0.99 (−1.76, −0.22)	0.011	<0.001	90.2%
Trial duration (week)
≥12	12	−1.21 (−2.44, 0.02)	0.055	<0.001	92.6%
<12	7	−0.73 (−1.74, 0.27)	0.155	<0.001	82.4%
Health status
Healthy	15	−2.01 (−3.31, −0.71)	0.002	<0.001	92.1%
Unhealthy	4	0.22 (−0.15, 0.60)	0.238	0.191	36.8%
Supplementation dose (g/day)
≥3	8	0.09 (−0.53, 0.72)	0.772	<0.001	80.5%
<3	11	−3.08 (−4.91, −1.25)	0.001	<0.001	92.9%
Sex
Both sexes	13	−1.29 (−2.62, 0.03)	0.056	<0.001	91.8%
Male	6	−1.01 (−1.95, −0.08)	0.033	<0.001	86.7%
Baseline BMI (kg/m2)
Normal (18.5–24.9)	2	−9.29 (−18.51, −0.08)	0.048	0.001	90.7%
Overweight (25–29.9)	11	−0.77 (−1.69, 0.14)	0.099	<0.001	82.1%
Obese (>30)	5	0.35 (−0.35, 1.05)	0.327	<0.001	83.5%
Isomer’s type
Both	17	−1.41 (−2.31, -0.50)	0.002	<0.001	90.6%
CLA-c9t11	1	−0.29 (−0.92, 0.34)	0.369	–	–
CLA-t10c12	1	1.29 (0.64, 1.93)	<0.001	–	–
Subgroup analyses of CLA supplementation on adiponectin (µg/ml)
Overall effect	18	0.01 (−0.68, 0.71)	0.976	<0.001	98.0%
Trial duration (week)
≥12	11	−0.09 (−0.57, 0.39)	0.717	<0.001	93.2%
<12	7	0.20 (−1.39, 1.79)	0.805	<0.001	93.4%
Health status
Healthy	13	0.05 (−0.38, 0.49)	0.811	<0.001	89.4%
Unhealthy	5	−0.12 (−2.41, 2.17)	0.918	<0.001	98.7%
Supplementation dose (g/day)
≥3	11	−0.06 (−1.35, 1.23)	0.928	<0.001	97.3%
<3	7	0.13 (−0.46, 0.73)	0.669	<0.001	94.6%
Sex
Both sexes	6	0.41 (−1.18, 2.00)	0.614	<0.001	88.7%
Male	10	−0.04 (−0.50, 0.42)	0.865	<0.001	92.1%
Female	2	−1.05 (−1.58, −0.52)	<0.001	0.311	2.8%
Baseline BMI (kg/m2)
Normal (18.5–24.9)	3	0.25 (−0.50, 1.01)	0.511	<0.001	93.6%
Overweight (25–29.9)	5	−0.19 (−0.85, 0.47)	0.568	0.943	0.0%
Obese (>30)	10	−0.00 (−1.08, 1.07)	0.995	<0.001	98.5%
Isomer’s type
Both	15	0.05 (−0.72, 0.82)	0.900	<0.001	98.3%
CLA-c9t11	1	−0.00 (−1.28, 1.26)	0.989	–	–
CLA-t10c12	2	−0.25 (−1.15, 0.63)	0.572	–	90.0%
Subgroup analyses of CLA supplementation on leptin (ng/ml)
Overall effect	28	−0.30 (−0.79, 0.17)	0.214	<0.001	95.9%
Trial duration (week)
≥12	19	0.03 (−0.16, 0.23)	0.743	0.002	54.9%
<12	9	−0.81 (−1.71, 0.08)	0.077	0.005	63.8%
Health status
Healthy	23	0.06 (−0.11, 0.24)	0.463	0.018	42.3%
Unhealthy	5	−1.69 (−1.80, −1.58)	<0.001	0.451	0.0%
Supplementation dose (g/day)
≥3	19	−0.32 (−0.92, 0.28)	0.297	<0.001	96.8%
<3	9	−0.19 (−0.85, 0.46)	0.567	0.002	67.9%
Sex
Both sexes	10	−0.64 (−1.47, 0.17)	0.124	<0.001	98.4%
Male	12	0.06 (−0.35, 0.48)	0.754	0.022	50.8%
Female	6	−0.95 (−1.79, −0.12)	0.025	0.696	0.0%
Baseline BMI (kg/m2)
Normal (18.5–24.9)	5	0.50 (0.28, 0.72)	<0.001	0.703	0.0%
Overweight (25–29.9)	14	−0.00 (−0.14, 0.13)	0.966	0.343	10.0%
Obese (>30)	9	−0.73 (−1.59, 0.12)	0.092	<0.001	96.6%
Isomer’s type
Both	25	−0.33 (−0.85, 0.17)	0.196	<0.001	96.4%
CLA-c9t11	1	0.41 (−1.34, 2.18)	0.643	–	–
CLA-t10c12	2	−0.27 (−1.97, 1.43)	0.756	0.210	36.5%

CI, confidence interval; WMD, weighted mean differences; CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; CRP, c-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.