Table 4.
GRADE profile of CLA supplementation for inflammatory cytokines and adipokines.
| Outcomes | Risk of bias | Inconsistency | Indirectness | Imprecision | Publication bias | Number of interventions/control | Quality of evidence |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CRP | No serious limitation | Serious limitation a | No serious limitation | No serious limitation | No serious limitation | 1,192 (597/595) | ⊕⊕⊕◯ Moderate |
| IL-6 | No serious limitation | Very serious limitation a | No serious limitation | No serious limitation | No serious limitation | 817 (418/399) | ⊕⊕◯◯ Low |
| TNF-α | No serious limitation | Very serious limitation a | No serious limitation | No serious limitation | Serious limitation c | 779 (402/377) | ⊕⊕◯◯ Low |
| Adiponectin | No serious limitation | Very serious limitation a | No serious limitation | Serious limitation b | No serious limitation | 845 (424/421) | ⊕◯◯◯ Very low |
| Leptin | No serious limitation | Very serious limitation a | No serious limitation | Serious limitation b | No serious limitation | 1,274 (649/625) | ⊕◯◯◯ Very low |
CLA, conjugated linoleic acid; CRP, c-reactive protein; IL-6, interleukin 6; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha.
a
There is a significant heterogeneity for CRP (I2 = 56.3%%), IL-6 (I2 = 86.3%), TNF-α (I2 = 90.2%), adiponectin (I2 = 98.0%), and leptin (I2 = 95.9%).
b
There is no evidence of significant effects of CLA supplementation on adiponectin and leptin.
c
There is significant publication bias for TNF-α (p = 0.042).