Skip to main content
. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2023 Feb 9;223:115451. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115451

Table 2.

Summary of selected recent studies using mobile and non-mobile monitoring design classes to characterize long-term exposure to air pollution for epidemiologic application.

Mobile/non-mobile Study areaa Study Aim Pollutant Monitoring design subclass Site selection Temporal coverage Related health study
Mobile North America Oakland, US Apte 2017 Data exploration BC, NO, NO2 Non-stationary Land use of study area 9 am-5 pm/weekdays/4 seasons
Los Angeles and Baltimore, U.S. Tessum 2021 b Model developmentc NOx, NO2 Non-stationary Land use 2–7 pm/weekdays/2 seasons
Boston and Chelsea, US Simon 2017 Data exploration PNC Non-stationary Residence of study participants 5 am-9 pm/weekday & weekend/4 seasons
Pittsburgh, US Li 2019 Data exploration PNC, PM2.5, PM1, CO, NO2 Non-stationary Land use 5 am-10 pm/weekdays (& dry condition)/2 seasons
Puget Sound, US Blanco 2021 Data exploration, model development PNC, PM2.5, BC, CO, CO2, NO2 Non-stationary, Short-term stationary Residence 4 am-11 pm/weekday & weekend/4 seasons
3 cities, US Saha 2021 d Model development PNC Non-stationary Land use 7–20 days/1 seasone
3 cities, Canada Weichenthal 2015 Data exploration, Model development PNC Non-stationary Land use 7–10 am & 3–6pm/weekday/1 or 2 seasons Weichenthal 2020
Europe Amsterdam and Rotterdam, Netherlands Kerckhoffs 2016 Model development PNC, BC Non-stationary, Short-term stationary Land use 9 am-4 pm/2 seasonsf
3 cities, Netherlands Kerckhoffs 2017 d Model development PNC, BC Non-stationary, Short-term stationary Land use 9 am-4 pm/2 seasonsf
Netherlands Kerckhoffs 2021 d Model development PNC Non-stationary, Short-term stationary Land use 9 am-4 pm/14 monthsf
6 European areas Van Nunen 2017 Model development PNC Short-term stationaryg Land use 9 am-4 pm/weekday/3 seasons Downward 2019
Basel, Switzerland Ragetth 2014 Model development PNC Short-term stationaryg Land use 9 am-4 pm/3 seasonsf
Non-mobile North America Pittsburgh, US Saha 2019 Data exploration PNC, PM2.5, CO, NO2 Short-term rotating Land use 3–6 weeks in winter
Pittsburgh, US Tanzer 2019 Data exploration PM2.5, NO2, SO2 Long-term Land use 14 months
Pittsburgh, US Li 2019 Data exploration PNC Long-term Land use 2–8 months
California, US Bi 2020 Calibration, model development PM2.5 Long-term Residence 12 months
Boston and Chelsea, US Simon 2017 Data exploration PNC Short-term rotating Residence 6 weeks between spring and fall
Puget Sound, US Bi 2022 Model development PM2.5 Long-term Residence 20 months
Puget Sound, US Shaffer 2021 h Model development PM2.5 Long-term Short-term rotating Residence > 2 years 2 weeks over 3 years Shaffer 2021
Europe 6 European areas Van Nunen 2017 Model development PNC Short-term’ Land use 24 hours in each of the 3 seasons Downward 2019
Asia New Delhi, India Saraswat 2013 Model development PNC, PM2.5, BC Short-term rotating Land use 1 −3 hours during the morning and/or afternoon over 4 months in spring and summer
Africa 4 districts, Uganda Coker 2021 Model development PM2.5 Long-term Land use 12 months
Adama, Ethiopia Abera 2020 Model development PM2.5 Short-term rotating Land use 1 month in each of dry and wet seasons
a.

The latest studies were presented when there were multiple studies performed in the same area.

b.

This paper also carried out non-mobile monitoring using passive samplers, but we did not include to our review because we did not consider passive samplers as LCS.

c.

Exposure prediction model for long-term average air pollution

d.

These papers also used non-mobile monitoring data published elsewhere for model evaluation or development.

e.

No information on time and weekday/weekend; one-season sampling in either summer or fall in each of the three cities f. No information on weekday/weekend

f.

No information on weekday/weekend.

g.

Although there is no specific information on whether these studies used mobile platforms, we classified as mobile monitoring based on their description of “30 min measurements taken between 9 am and 4 pm” and “20-min measurements on the sidewalk at 60 locations during non-rush hours” for van Nunen et al. 2017 and Ragettli et al. 2014, respectively.

h.

Paper focused on health effects that provides the documentation of the exposure assessment using LCS.

i.

Not clear about whether this non-mobile monitoring is rotating or snapshot campaign based on the description in van Nunen et al. 2017