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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 15.
Published in final edited form as: Environ Res. 2023 Feb 9;223:115451. doi: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115451

Table 3.

Design characteristics of exposure assessment studies that used measurements from multiple design classes of new technology monitoring for data exploration and model development to assess long-term exposure to air pollution for epidemiological application

N Study Area Period Aim Pollutant Monitoring designa
Mobile Non-mobile
Non- stationary Stationary short-term Long-termb Short-term rotating Short-term snapshot
1 Simon 2017 Boston and Chelsea, US 2011–2015 Data exploration PNC Spatial 40 and 6 km2 in each of 2 cities 1 central site per city 20 homes
Temporal 3–6 hr at 5:00–21:00 on 42–46 days, wkday/wknd, 2011–2015 2–11 sites for 6 wks in 2012–2014
2 Li 2019 c Pittsburgh, US 2016–2017 Data exploration PNC, PM2.5, PM1, CO, NO2 Spatial All public roads within 8 1 -km2 areas 10 sites
Temporal 45–60 min at 5:00–22:00, wkday in summer and winter, 2016–2017 2–8 mths in 2016–2017
3 Blanco 2021d Puget Sound, US 2019–2020 Data exploration, model development PNC, PM2.5,BC, CO, CO2, NO2 Spatial 9 fixed routes (1,069 total km) 309 2-min locations
Temporal 4–8 hr at 5:00–23:00 on 288 days, wkday/wknd, 2019–2020
4 Saha 2021 c Continental US 2016–2017 Model development PNC Spatial Every street in multiple neighborhoods in 3 cities, summarized on a 1 km2 grid 15 rural, 19 urban, and 4 near-airport sites e
Temporal 7–20 days in summer/fall, 2017–2019 1–12 mths for 2009–2019
5 Kerckhoffs 2016 c Amsterdam and Rotterdam, Netherlands 2013 Model development PNC, BC Spatial 2,964 road segments 161 30-min locations 1 site in Utrecht
Temporal 9:00–16:00 on 42 days in two seasons in 2013f
6 Kerckhoffs 2017 c,g Amsterdam, Maastricht, and Utrecht, Netherlands 2014–2015 Model development PNC, BC Spatial 5,236 road segments in 3 cities 240 30-min parked locations 1 site in Utrecht 42 homes
Temporal 9:00–16:00, 84 days in two seasons in 2014–2015f 24-hr3 seasonsin2014–2015
7 Kerckhoffs 2021 c,g Netherlands 2016–2017 Model development PNC Spatial 14,392 road segments in 5 major cities and multiple towns 400 repeated 30-min parked locations 42 homes (H)e,h,i
20 background sites (B)e,h,i
Temporal 9:15–16:00, for 14 mths in 2016–2017f 24-hr 3 seasons in 2014–2015 (H)
2-wk 3 seasons in 2016–2017 (B)
a.

Additional information is presented in Table S2

b.
All or some of the long-term sites described in the papers were not considered as non-mobile long-term sites in our review.
  • – One central site per city in Simon et al. 2017, Kerckhoffs et al. 2016, and Kerckhoffs et al. 2017 (gray cells in the table) was not considered as non-mobile long-term monitoring because the aim of this monitoring was limited to temporal adjustment.
  • – Kerckhoffs et al 2021 defined 20 regional background sites as long-term sites, but we considered these as non-mobile short-term rotating or snapshot monitoring because they only collected three 2-wk samples during the study period.
  • – 8 out of 10 sites in Li et al. 2019 had 2–3 month data which may not be considered as non-mobile long-term monitoring.
  • – 16 out of 38 sites in Saha et al. 2021 had 1–3 month data which may not be considered as non-mobile long-term monitoring.
c.

Li et al. 2016 and Saha et al. 2021, as well as Kerckhoffs et al. 2016, Kerckhoffs et al. 2017, and Kerckhoffs et al. 2021 used overlapping data

d.

Although both stationary and non-stationary mobile monitoring campaign were conducted, stationary data were used for exploration and model development.

e.

Monitoring data were not obtained by the papers but obtained from other previous studies (dark gray cells in the table)

f.
No description of weekday-only or weekend/weekend sampling
g.

Mobile non-stationary data used only for model development and all the other types of monitoring data used for model evaluation or temporal adjustment

h.

Not clear about whether these non-mobile monitoring is rotating or snapshot campaigns based on the description in the paper

i.

Monitoring data used for model evaluation only and not for model development