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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2024 Apr 1.
Published in final edited form as: Semin Arthritis Rheum. 2023 Jan 13;59:152163. doi: 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2023.152163

Table 6:

Important Metabolites Found in Serum

Author Sample Model Metabolites/Metabolic Pathways of Importance
Thompson et al., 2011 14 Human This study did not report metabolites, and instead was included as a reference as it reported daily variations of serum amino acid and acylcarnitine levels.
Maher et al., 2012 19 Ovine BCAAs(↓), 3-Methylhistidine(↑), Glycine(↑), Creatinine(↑), Creatine(↑) at 4 weeks and 12 weeks in post-ACL Transection OA model versus HC.
Senol et al., 2019 23 Human Phospholipid species(↑), Indoleacetic acid(↑), Urea(↑), Valine(↑), Alanine(↑), FA metabolites(↑) increased in OA versus Control.
Tootsi et al., 2018 26 Human Total Acylcarnitine species to Carnitine species ratio was decreased in OA versus HC. Carnitine Palmitoyltransferase 1 activity was decreased in OA versus HC.
Maerz et al., 2018 34 Rat Acylcarnitine species increased at 72 hours, 4 weeks, and 10 weeks post-ACL rupture OA model versus HC. Most significantly affected pathways in OA versus HC identified as cyanoamino acid metabolism, methane metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, histidine metabolism, glutathione metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, beta-alanine metabolism, fructose and mannose metabolism, and amino and nucleotide sugar metabolism.
Chen et al., 2018 36 Human BCAAs(↑), Tryptophan(↑), Alanine(↑), 4-Hydroxy-L-Proline(↑), Creatine(↑), Arginine(↑), Lysine(↑), Tyrosine(↑), Glutamine (↓), Phenylalanine(↓), Serine(↓), Proline(↓), Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid(↓), Creatinine(↓), Taurine(↓), Asparagine(↓), Acetyl-Carnitine(↓), Citrulline(↓) in OA versus HC.
Zhai et al., 2010 38 Human Increased BCAA to Histidine ratio in OA versus HC, with ratio of Valine to Histidine and Isoleucine to Histidine having strongest statistical significance.
Zhang et al., 2015 39 Human CRP(↑), Homocysteine(↑), Tryptophan(↑), Glycine(↓), Histidine(↓) in OA versus HC.
Zhao et al., 2021 44 Rat L-Tryptophan(↑), Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid(↑), Carbamic Acid(↑), L-Carnitine(↑), Stearic Acid(↑), L-Arginine(↓) in OA versus HC.
Wallace et al., 2022 45 Mouse Day 1 Following Injury-Induced OA: Arginine Synthesis(↑), Proline Degradation(↑), Nicotine Degradation(↑), Phospholipase Pathway(↓) in OA versus HC. Day 8 Following Injury-Induced OA: Tyrosine Degradation(↑),
Phospholipase Pathway(↑), Nicotine Degradation(↓) in OA versus HC.
Xiao et al., 2022 48 Rabbit ɛ, ɛ, ɛ Trimethyllysine(↓), Ascorbic acid(↑), Otonecine(↑), and Tranexamic Acid(↓) in OA versus HC. BCAA Biosynthesis and Degradation (Leucine-Valine, L-(+)-Valine)(↑), HIF-1 Pathway(↑), Antioxidant Metabolism (Glutathione and Ascorbic Acid)(↑), Phenylalanine Metabolism(↑), Pantothenate and CoA Biosynthesis(↑), Tyrosine Metabolism(↓) in OA versus HC.
Pertusa et al., 2022 49 Human Amino Acid Metabolism (Alanine, Glycine, Phenylalanine, and Tyrosine), Lactate, Acetate, Phosphocholine, Bacterial Co-Metabolism (2-Aminobutyrate, 4-Aminobutyrate, N(CH3)3, Dimethylamine) significantly altered in OA versus HC following adjustment for age, BMI, and bone mineral density.

Key: (↑) indicates an increase in concentration in OA compared to controls, (↓) indicates a decrease in concentration in OA compared to controls.