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. 2023 Mar 7;13:3824. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30641-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The delta composite pain score suggests adequate pain alleviation in most groups while limping score shows slight differences between groups post-osteotomy. (a) Scoring was performed at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 72 h post-anesthesia and post-osteotomy. For the delta composite pain score, scores from each individual mouse post-anesthesia were subtracted from their respective scores post-osteotomy. (b) The limping score was assessed at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 10 days post-osteotomy. All graphs show median with interquartile range for n = 8–10 (delta composite pain score) and n = 9–10 (limping score). Non-parametric ANOVA-type test—main effects of time and of group are represented in the graphs; exact p-values are listed in Table S5–S5.3 and Table S6; *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. To determine group differences Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc test with Bonferroni correction were performed. (a) Significant difference Tramadol rigid vs. Tramadol flexible; (b) significant difference Tramadol flexible vs. BUP-Depot rigid; (c) significant difference Tramadol flexible vs. BUP-Depot flexible.