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. 2023 Mar 7;13:3824. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-30641-9

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Gait analyses show model-related alterations in walking behavior specifically pronounced in male mice with flexible fixation and Tramadol treatment. CatWalk analysis was conducted at 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 10 days post-osteotomy and normalized to the initial mean baseline value focusing on (a,b) relative velocity, (c,d) relative mean intensity, (e,f) relative stand duration and (g,h) relative stride length. All graphs show median with interquartile range for n = 8–10. Non-parametric ANOVA-type test—main effects of time and of group are represented in the graphs; exact p-values are listed in Table S7–S10.2; *p < 0.05, ***p < 0.001. To determine group differences Kruskal–Wallis test and Dunn’s post hoc test with Bonferroni correction were performed. (a) Significant difference Tramadol flexible vs. BUP-Depot rigid; (b) significant difference Tramadol rigid vs. BUP-Depot flexible.