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. 2022 Nov 13;32(4):497–506. doi: 10.1007/s10068-022-01199-5

Fig. 4.

Fig. 4

Diagram depicting the proposed immunostimulatory signaling mechanism of Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LM1185 in RAW 264.7 macrophages. LM1185, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis LM1185; TLR4, Toll-like receptor 4; MAPKKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase; MAPKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase; IKK, IκB kinase; NF-κB, nuclear factor-kappa B; TNF-α, tumor necrosis factor-alpha; iNOS, inducible nitric oxide synthase; COX2, cyclooxygenase-2