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. 2023 Mar 7;14:983. doi: 10.1038/s41467-023-36223-7

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 5 — Risks and burdens were assessed at 1-year in mutually exclusive groups comprising non-hospitalized individuals with COVID-19 (green), individuals hospitalized for COVID-19 (orange) and individuals admitted to intensive care for COVID-19 during the acute phase (first 30 d) of COVID-19 (blue). Composite outcomes consisted of incident diagnoses (GERD, PUD, acute pancreatitis, functional dyspepsia, acute gastritis, IBS, and cholangitis), signs and symptoms (constipation, abdominal pain, diarrhea, vomiting, and bloating), coagulation studies (PT, PTT, INR), liver and biliary tree function tests (albumin, ALT, total protein, AST, LDH, CRP, ALP, total bilirubin, GGT, direct bilirubin, lipase, and amylase) and any gastrointestinal outcome (incident occurrence of any gastrointestinal outcome studied). Outcomes were ascertained 30 d after the COVID-19-positive test until the end of follow-up. The contemporary control cohort served as the referent category. Within the COVID-19 cohort, non-hospitalized (n = 131,915), hospitalized (n = 16,764), admitted to intensive care (n = 5389) and contemporary control cohort (n = 5,606,761). Adjusted HRs (dots) and 95% (error bars) CIs are presented, as are estimated excess burdens (bars) and 95% CIs (error bars). Burdens are presented per 1000 persons at 12 months of follow up. The dashed line marks a HR of 1.00; lower limits of 95% CIs with values greater than 1.00 indicate significantly increased risk. GERD gastroesophageal reflux disorder, IBS, irritable bowel syndrome, PT prothrombin time, PTT partial thromboplastin time, INR international normalized ratio, ALT alanine transaminase, AST aspartate transaminase, LDH lactate dehydrogenase, CRP c-reactive peptide, ALP alkaline phosphatase, GGT γ-glutamyl transferase.