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. 2023 Feb 1;15(2):348–364. doi: 10.21037/jtd-22-856

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2023 Journal of Thoracic Disease. All rights reserved.

Open Access Statement: This is an Open Access article distributed in accordance with the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 International License (CC BY-NC-ND 4.0), which permits the non-commercial replication and distribution of the article with the strict proviso that no changes or edits are made and the original work is properly cited (including links to both the formal publication through the relevant DOI and the license). See: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0.

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Proportion of esophageal cancer DALYs attributable to risk factors for 21 GBD regions for both sexes, 2019. BMI, body mass index; DALY, disability-adjusted life-year; GBD, Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study.