Table 3.

Probiotic organisms and their applications

Genus	Species	Applications	Reference
Lactobacillus	L. rhamnosus	Reduction of viral-associated pulmonary damage; prevention and reduction of severity of atopic dermatitis in children; reduction of risk for developing allergic disease; reduction of risk for rhinovirus infections in preterm infants; protection of human colonic muscle from lipopolysaccharide-induced damage	(Ammoscato et al., 2013; Zelaya et al., 2014)
	L. acidophilus	Treatment of travellers’ diarrhoea; reduction of hospital stay of children with acute diarrhoea; antifungal activity; prevention or treatment of bacterial vaginosis; treatment of C. difficile-associated diarrhoea; reduction of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms	(McFarland, 2007; Phavichitr et al., 2019)
	L. plantarum	Prevention of endotoxin production; antifungal activity; reduction of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms	(Cortés-Zavaleta et al., 2014; Lee et al., 2014; Wright et al., 2015)
	L. casei	Treatment of functional constipation in adults; immunomodulatory mechanisms; improvement of rheumatoid arthritis status; protection against Salmonella infection; prevention of Salmonella-induced synovitis; treatment of intravaginal staphylococcosis
	L. delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus	Antibiotic resistance of yogurt starter culture; enhancement of systemic immunity in elderly; antibacterial action against E. coli; modulation of brain activity	(Moro-García et al., 2013; Tillisch et al., 2013)
	L. brevis	Protective role in bile salt tolerance; reduction in plague acidogenicity	(Suzuki et al., 2013)
	L. fermentum	Prevention or treatment of bacterial vaginosis; blockage of adherence of pathogenic microorganisms on vaginal epithelium; antistaphylococcal action; potential for reduction of insulin resistance and hypercholesterolemia	(Tomaro-Duchesneau et al., 2014)
	L. reuteri	Reduction of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol; reduction of onset of gastrointestinal disorders in infants; reduction of frequency of proven sepsis, feeding intolerance and duration of hospital stay in preterm infants	(Caramia et al., 2013; DiRienzo, 2014)
Bifidobacterium	B. infantis	Reduction of irritable bowel syndrome symptoms; reduction of necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm infants	(Li et al., 2013)
	B. animalis subsp. lactis	Treatment of functional constipation in adults; reduction of total cholesterol; reduction of risk of upper respiratory illness	(Pinto et al., 2014)
	B. breve	Prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis in newborns; reduction of necrotizing enterocolitis with Bifidobacteria cocktail; reduction of cholesterol	(Bordoni et al., 2013; Janvier et al., 2014)
Saccharomyces	S. boulardi	Treatment of travellers’ diarrhoea; treatment and reduction of diarrhoea duration regardless of cause; treatment of irritable bowel syndrome; treatment of moderate ulcerative colitis; treatment and reduction of recurrent pseudomembrane colitis infection caused by C. difficile; treatment of acute gastroenteritis in children	(Fernandez et al., 2014)
Lactococcus	L. lactis subsp. lactis	Treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea; antimicrobial and probiotic properties	(Lee et al., 2013)
Enterococcus	E. durans	Antibiotic and antioxidant activity; adherence to colonic tissue and anti-inflammatory activity	(Pieniz et al., 2013)
	E. faecium	Treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea; efficient animal probiotic	(Cao et al., 2013)