Fig. 2. Group differences in brain age gaps between participants with schizophrenia and HCs in 90 models for GM map in the two cohorts.

A Subplot A illustrates the brain regions with significantly accelerated aging and the effect sizes in participants with schizophrenia in the TAMI cohort. B Subplot B presents the brain regions with significantly accelerated aging and effect sizes in participants with schizophrenia in the BT cohort. The brain regions in the left panel display significant differences in brain age gaps after FDR correction in the TAMI and BT cohorts. The color bar represents effect size (partial η²). The right panel presents bar charts of effect sizes (partial η² values) for brain regions with significant differences. The brain regions corresponding to the AAL number are presented in Supplementary Table 4. Participants with schizophrenia had significant brain aging trajectory deviations in 71 of the 90 models for GM map in the TAMI cohort. Moreover, 66 brain regions had significantly larger brain age gaps in participants with schizophrenia than in HCs in the BT cohort. We found 10 brain regions with the most pronounced deterioration in both cohorts, occurring primarily in the frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and insula (see Supplementary Table 4). TAMI Taiwan Aging and Mental Illness, BT Tri-Service General Hospital Beitou Branch, FDR false discovery rate, AAL automated anatomical labeling.