Fig. 3. Group differences in brain-age gaps between participants with schizophrenia and HCs in 48 models for FA map in the two cohorts.

A Subplot A illustrates the white matter tracts with significantly accelerated aging and the effect sizes in participants with schizophrenia in the TAMI cohort. B Subplot B presents the white matter tracts with significantly accelerated aging and effect sizes in participants with schizophrenia in the BT cohort. The white matter tracts in the left panel indicate significant differences in brain age gaps after FDR correction in the TAMI and BT cohorts. The color bar represents effect size (partial η²). The right panel illustrates bar charts of effect sizes (partial η² values) for white matter tracts with significant differences. The white matter tracts corresponding to the JHU-ICBM-Label number are presented in Supplementary Table 6. Participants with schizophrenia had significantly larger brain age gaps in 15 of the 48 models for FA map in the TAMI cohort. Moreover, 33 white matter tracts had significantly larger brain age gaps in participants with schizophrenia than in HCs in the BT cohort (see Supplementary Table 6). FA fractional anisotropy, TAMI Taiwan Aging and Mental Illness, BT Tri-Service General Hospital Beitou Branch, FDR false discovery rate.