Table 2. Multivariable Odds Ratios for Association of PSS Score and Cognitive Impairment at Baseline (N = 24 448).

Model	Odds ratio (95% CI)
	PSS score per unit change	PSS score dichotomized into low stress vs elevated stress
Unadjusted model	1.08 (1.06-1.09)	1.64 (1.48-1.82)
Adjusted model 1: sociodemographic variables including age, sex, educational level, race, and income	1.07 (1.05-1.09)	1.53 (1.37-1.70)
Adjusted model 2: model 1 and CVD risk factors including hypertension, diabetes, and hyperlipidemia	1.07 (1.05-1.08)	1.55 (1.39-1.72)
Adjusted model 3: model 2 and lifestyle factors including exercise, BMI, smoking, and alcohol use	1.07 (1.05-1.09)	1.57 (1.42-1.75)
Adjusted model 4: model 3 and depressive symptoms	1.04 (1.03-1.06)	1.37 (1.22-1.53)

Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; CVD, cardiovascular disease; PSS, Perceived Stress Scale.