| Flame retardants |
Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) |
PP, PE, PS, PVC, PA |
Diabetes, neurobehavioral and developmental disorders, cancer, reproductive health effects, and impaired thyroid function |
107 and 108
|
| Antimony (Sb) |
PVC, PU, PET |
Associated with carcinogenic effects |
83, 109 and 110
|
| Pigments |
Cadmium (Cd) |
PVC, PP, PE, PC |
Promotion of cell apoptosis and DNA methylation, oxidative stress, DNA damage, bone and lung damage, alterations in calcium metabolism, and kidney stone formation |
99, 111 and 112
|
| Titanium (ti) |
PP, PS, PE |
Decreased cell viability and increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) cytotoxicity in human lung and colon epithelial cells |
113 and 114
|
| Biocides |
Arsenic (As) |
PVC |
Cell proliferation, apoptosis, and neoplastic transformation. Cellular damage occurs through the generation of ROS with oxidative stress, alteration of the DNA repair mechanism, and mitochondrial and cytoskeletal damage. They are associated with different types of cancer (skin, kidney, liver, liver, prostate, lung, etc.), cardiovascular disorders, diabetes, and hypertension |
115 and 116
|
| Mercury (Hg) |
PU |
Mutagenicity/carcinogenicity through the generation of free radicals; alteration of the molecular structure of DNA, alterations in brain functions; damage to the kidney, brain, and developing fetus |
99 and 115
|
| UV stabilizers |
Lead (Pb) |
PVC |
Carcinogenesis, DNA damage, alteration of chromosomal structure and sequence, toxicity related to the gastrointestinal tract and the central nervous system, alterations in the functioning of the central nervous system, and decreased neurotransmission |
99 and 109
|
| Cobalt (Co) |
PET |
Formation of reactive oxygen species, neurological, cardiovascular, and endocrine deficits |
1 and 117
|
| Plasticizers |
Phthalates (DBP, DEHP) |
PVC, PET, PE |
Endocrine disruption, associated with reproductive toxicity and carcinogenicity |
118–120
|
| Bisphenol A (BPA) |
PC, PE, PP, PVC |
Endocrine disruptors associated with obesity, fertility problems, cardiovascular disease, reproductive disorders, and breast and prostate cancer |
121–123
|
