Table 1.

Studies of Chinese herbal medicines on treatment for COVID-19.

Chinese herbal prescriptions	Prescription compositions	Clinical manifestation	Mechanism of action	References
Qingfei Paidu Decoction	Ephedrae Herba; Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma; Armeniacae Semen Amarum; Gypsum Fibrosum; Cinnamomi Ramulus; Alismatis Rhizoma; Polyporus; Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizoma; Poria; Bupleuri Radix; Hedysarum multijugum Maxim.; Arum ternatum Thunb.; Zingiberis Rhizoma Recens; Asteris Radix et Rhizoma; Farfarae Flos; Belamcandae Rhizoma; Asari Radix et Rhizoma; Dioscoreae Rhizoma; Aurantii Fructus Immaturus; Citri Exocarpium Rubrum; Pogostemonis Herba	Time of nucleic acid conversion, duration of hospital stays and symptoms of fever, cough ↓ ↓ Risk of mortality, acute liver injury and acute kidney injury↓ Anti-viral and anti-inflammatory responses, and energy metabolism↑	NF-κB signaling pathway↓, thrombin (F12, F13, F9), and TLR signaling pathway↑ CRP, LC, IL10↑. LDH, CK, CK-MB, BUN,IL6, CCL2, TNF-α, PTGS1/2, CYP1A1, and CYP3A4↓ miRNA (MIR301↓ MIR183/130B↑ CDK7 ↑; TF (LXR) ↓; ACE2 and CD147↓; Interacting with Cdc20, Ido1, Ifng, Ptger4, Spi1, and Tnf↑	(Chen et al., 2020, Mou et al., 2021, Shi et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2021, Wang et al., 2020, Xin et al., 2020, Yang et al., 2020, Zhang et al., 2021, Zhao et al., 2021)
Xuanfei Baidu Recipe	Ephedrae Herba; Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma; Armeniacae Semen Amarum; Gypsum Fibrosum; Coicis Semen; Atractylodis Rhizoma; Pogostemonis Herba; Artemisia annua L.; Polygoni Cuspidati Rhizoma et Radix; Verbenae Herb; Phragmitis Rhizoma; Lepidii Semen Descurainiae Semen; Citri Grandis Exocarpium	Fever, cough, fatigue, appetite↓ Profibrotic macrophage responses↑ infiltration of neutrophils↓ activation and migration of macrophages ↓ immunity balance, inflammation, hepatic and biliary metabolism and energy metabolism balance↑	IL-6/STAT3 signaling pathway↓ IgG, IgM, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, α-SMA, IL-4, IL-6, and iNOS↓ Splenic Lymphocytes, CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells↑ WBC, LC↑; CRP, ESR↓	(Wang et al., 2020, Wang et al., 2022; Wang, Wang et al., 2022, Wendisch et al., 2021, Yan et al., 2021)
Huashi Baidu Granule	Ephedrae Herba, Armeniacae Semen Amarum, Gypsum Fibrosum, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Lepidii Semen Descurainiae Semen, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Pinelliae Rhizoma, Poria, Tsaoko Fructus, Pogostemonis Herba, Atractylodis Rhizoma, Hedysarum multijugum Maxim., Magnoliae Officinalis Cortex, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma	Cough, fever, fatigue, chest discomfort, ground glass area of chest CT, clinical remission, and viral negative conversion time↓ Rate of viral negative conversion and clinical remission↑	Lactate dehydrogenase, hemoglobin↑ IL-6, leucocyte, neutrophils, and total bilirubin ↓ MAPK3, MAPK8, TNF, TP53	(Liu et al., 2021, Shi et al., 2021)
Lianhua Qingwen Granules	Forsythiae Fructus, Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Ephedrae Herba, Armeniacae Semen Amarum, Gypsum Fibrosum, Isatidis Radix, Dryopteridis Crassirhizomatis Rhizoma, Houttuyniae Herba, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Rhodiolae Crenulatae Radix et Rhizoma, L-menthol, Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma	Time of nucleic acid conversion and lung inflammation extinction ↓ Fever, fatigue, coughing, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, limb pain, chest tightness and shortness↓ Regulating coagulation function, airway microenvironment and immune response	Modifying morphology of virions; the number of viruses↓ IL-10, LC, ALB and HGB↑; TNF-α, IL-6, CCL-2, CXCL-10, ESR, CRP, D-dimer, and amyloid A↓ Regulating AKT1, JUN, MAPK8, MAPK8, VEGFA, CASP3, PTGS3, MAPK1, MAPK3, CXCL8 Regulating INF-γ signaling pathway, IL-23 signaling pathway, FcγR-mediated phagocytosis, and leukocyte mediated immunity Blocking COVID-19 binding to ACE2	(Hu et al., 2021, Liu et al., 2021, Niu et al., 2020, Runfeng et al., 2020, Shen et al., 2021, Xia et al., 2020, Xiao et al., 2020; S. Zheng et al., 2020)
Xuebijing Injection	Carthami Flos, Paeoniae Radix Rubra, Chuanxiong Rhizoma, Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma, Angelicae Sinensis Radix	Systemic inflammatory response syndrome or/and multiple-organ failure↓ Time of ICU care, mechanical ventilation,pneumonia severity index, and mortality↓	GSK-3β/ CREB, GSK-3β/ NF-κB and ER stress signaling pathway↑ Oxygenation index, LC, WBC↑; CRP, PCT, D-dimer, AST, ALT↓ Binding of 3CLpro, S protein, and ACE2↑ IL-10↑, IL-6, IL-17, TNF-α↓ Balance of Tregs and Th17 cells↑ Regulating GAPDH, ALB, EGFR, MAPK1, CASP3, STAT3, MAPK8, PTGS2, JUN, IL-2, ESR1, and MAPK14	(Cao et al., 2021, Chen et al., 2018, Chen et al., 2020, Ji et al., 2020, José et al., 2020, Shang et al., 2019, Shin et al., 2020, Song et al., 2019, Song et al., 2020, Xing et al., 2020b, Zheng et al., 2020, Zhong et al., 2020)
Jinhua Qinggan Granule	Lonicerae Japonicae Flos, Gypsum Fibrosum, Ephedrae Herba, Armeniacae Semen Amarum, Scutellariae Radix, Forsythiae Fructus, Fritillariae Thunbergii Bulbus, Anemarrhenae Rhizoma, Arctii Fructus, Artemisiae Annuae Herba, Menthae Haplocalycis Herba	Fever, cough, poor appetite, diarrhea, fatigue, and mortality↓	IL-1, IL-6, TNF-α↓. WBC↑	(An et al., 2021, Chen et al., 2020, Liu et al., 2020)
		Time and rate of viral clearance and absorption of pneumonia inflammatory exudate↑
		anti-inflammatory effect of western medicine↑; usage rate of antibiotics↓