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. 2023 Mar 8;13:49. doi: 10.1186/s13578-023-00992-x

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data.

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Fig. 6 — Autophagy is partially involved in the effect of DMI on antimicrobial responses in macrophages. Intracellular survival assay after Mtb, BCG, or Mav (MOI 1) in the presence or absence of DMI. A BMDMs from Atg7 WT or Atg7 cKO mice were infected with Mtb (left panel) or BCG (right panel) and treated with indicated concentration of DMI for 3 days. Cells were lysed and used to a CFU assay to examine the intracellular survival of Mtb or BCG. B PMs from Atg7 WT or Atg7 cKO mice were infected with Mtb (left panel) or BCG (right panel) and treated with indicated concentration of DMI for 3 days. Cells were lysed and used to a CFU assay to examine the intracellular survival of Mtb or BCG. C BMDMs from Atg7 WT or Atg7 cKO mice were infected with Mav (MOI 1) and treated with indicated concentration of DMI for 3 days. Cells were lysed and used to a CFU assay to examine the intracellular survival of Mav. Statistical analysis was conducted with one-way ANOVA test with Tukey’s multiple comparisons. Data shown as means ± SD from two independent experiments conducted in triplicate. CFU colony forming unit, n.s. not significant, DMI dimethyl itaconate. *p < 0.05 and ***p < 0.001