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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2023 Mar 8.
Published in final edited form as: Alcohol. 2022 Jun 1;103:1–7. doi: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2022.05.004

Table 1.

Alcohol’s effects on multiple organs and tissues.

Brain • ↑ IL-6; ↑ cell senescence in hippocampus
Lung • ↑ Claudin → ↑ paracellular leak in lung epithelium
Vascular system • ↑ microvessel stiffness and abnormal physiological response to stimuli → premature/subclinical cardiovascular disease in young adults
Skeletal system • ↑ Class IIA HDAC and TMP195, a class IIA HDAC inhibitor; ↓ glycolytic capacity via
alteration of miRs; ↓ myogenic differentiation markers → skeletal muscle dysfunction
• ↓ Col2a1 and Col10a1 expression → ↓ mesenchymal stem cell differentiation → abnormal fracture healing
Blood • ↑ TGF-β; ↓ Ahr signaling; ↓ NK cell function
• ↑ HAS2 → ↑ hyaluronic acid → impaired mitochondrial bioenergetics → impaired macrophage function
Integumentary system • ↑ keratinocyte PAF; ↑ MVP and aSMase → intoxicated thermal burn injury pathology

IL-6, interleukin-6; HDAC, histone deacetylase; Col2a1, collagen type II alpha 1; Col10a, Collagen Type X Alpha 1 Chain; TGF-β, transforming growth factor beta; Ahr, aryl hydrocarbon receptor; NK, natural killer; HAS2, hyaluronan synthase 2; PAF, platelet-activating factor; MVP, microvesicle particles; aSMase, acid sphingomyelinase.