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Kaplan-Meier survival estimates assessed by exposure or no exposure to noninvasive ventilation (NIV) prior to intubation. The dotted line denotes subjects who were not exposed to NIV prior to intubation. The solid line shows subjects who were exposed to NIV prior to intubation. Subjects exposed to NIV prior to intubation had higher odds of death as evidenced by log-rank P value .003.
