Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of 11,566 sepsis patients in the training set
| Variables | Total (n = 11,566) | Non-ARDS group (n = 9144) | ARDS group (n = 2422) | Statistics | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, Mean ± SD | 65.45 ± 15.61 | 66.09 ± 15.53 | 63.00 ± 15.65 | t = 8.69 | < 0.001 |
| Gender, n (%) | χ2 = 0.115 | 0.735 | |||
| Female | 4607 (39.83) | 3635 (39.75) | 972 (40.13) | ||
| Male | 6959 (60.17) | 5509 (60.25) | 1450 (59.87) | ||
| BMI, kg/m2, n (%) | χ2 = 78.013 | < 0.001 | |||
| < 18.5 | 334 (2.89) | 253 (2.77) | 81 (3.34) | ||
| ≥ 18.5 and < 25 | 3322 (28.72) | 2733 (29.89) | 589 (24.32) | ||
| ≥ 25 and < 30 | 3749 (32.41) | 3044 (33.29) | 705 (29.11) | ||
| ≥ 30 | 4161 (35.98) | 3114 (34.06) | 1047 (43.23) | ||
| Ethnicity, n (%) | χ2 = 32.109 | < 0.001 | |||
| Black | 896 (7.75) | 676 (7.39) | 220 (9.08) | ||
| Other/unknown | 2831 (24.48) | 2155 (23.57) | 676 (27.91) | ||
| White | 7839 (67.78) | 6313 (69.04) | 1526 (63.01) | ||
| Marital status, n (%) | χ2 = 33.155 | < 0.001 | |||
| Married | 5448 (47.10) | 4418 (48.32) | 1030 (42.53) | ||
| Other/unknown | 3227 (27.90) | 2536 (27.73) | 691 (28.53) | ||
| Single | 2891 (25.00) | 2190 (23.95) | 701 (28.94) | ||
| Insurance, n (%) | χ2 = 16.907 | < 0.001 | |||
| Medicaid | 789 (6.82) | 579 (6.33) | 210 (8.67) | ||
| Medicare | 5238 (45.29) | 4149 (45.37) | 1089 (44.96) | ||
| Other | 5539 (47.89) | 4416 (48.29) | 1123 (46.37) | ||
| Admission type, n (%) | χ2 = 223.075 | < 0.001 | |||
| Elective | 739 (6.39) | 692 (7.57) | 47 (1.94) | ||
| Emergency | 5588 (48.31) | 4223 (46.18) | 1365 (56.36) | ||
| Other | 2491 (21.54) | 2141 (23.41) | 350 (14.45) | ||
| Urgent | 2748 (23.76) | 2088 (22.83) | 660 (27.25) | ||
| SBP, mmHg, M (Q1, Q3) | 118.00 (104.00, 135.00) | 118.00 (104.00, 135.00) | 119.00 (103.00, 137.00) | Z = 0.658 | 0.511 |
| DBP, mmHg, M (Q1, Q3) | 64.00 (54.00, 76.00) | 63.00 (54.00, 75.00) | 66.00 (55.00, 79.00) | Z = 5.887 | < 0.001 |
| Temperature, ℃, Mean ± SD | 36.63 ± 0.95 | 36.60 ± 0.92 | 36.74 ± 1.06 | t = − 6.13 | < 0.001 |
| Heart rate, times/min, Mean ± SD | 89.37 ± 20.02 | 87.83 ± 19.18 | 95.20 ± 21.98 | t = − 15.07 | < 0.001 |
| Respiratory rate, times/min, M (Q1, Q3) | 18.00 (15.00, 22.00) | 17.00 (14.00, 22.00) | 21.00 (17.00, 25.00) | Z = 23.702 | < 0.001 |
| Urine output, mL, M (Q1, Q3) | 2990.00 (1885.00, 4400.00) | 2810.00 (1835.00, 4020.00) | 4110.00 (2335.00, 5590.00) | Z = 21.158 | < 0.001 |
| PCO2, mmHg, Mean ± SD | 41.00 (36.00, 46.00) | 40.00 (36.00, 46.00) | 42.00 (35.00, 50.00) | Z = 6.887 | < 0.001 |
| FiO2, mmHg, M (Q1, Q3) | 100.00 (50.00, 100.00) | 100.00 (50.00, 100.00) | 80.00 (50.00, 100.00) | Z = − 2.278 | 0.023 |
| HCO3−, Mean ± SD | 22.52 ± 4.67 | 22.64 ± 4.37 | 22.09 ± 5.64 | t = 4.41 | < 0.001 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL, Mean ± SD | 11.38 ± 2.28 | 11.46 ± 2.24 | 11.09 ± 2.40 | t = 6.81 | < 0.001 |
| PLT, K/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 189.00 (135.00, 252.00) | 188.00 (137.00, 250.00) | 191.00 (129.00, 259.00) | Z = − 0.126 | 0.900 |
| WBC, K/L, M (Q1, Q3) | 10.60 (7.40, 15.10) | 10.40 (7.30, 14.70) | 11.50 (7.80, 16.80) | Z = 7.740 | < 0.001 |
| Creatinine, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.50) | 1.00 (0.80, 1.40) | 1.10 (0.80, 1.80) | Z = 9.149 | < 0.001 |
| BUN, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3) | 20.00 (14.00, 32.00) | 19.00 (14.00, 30.00) | 23.00 (15.00, 39.00) | Z = 9.392 | < 0.001 |
| Glucose, mg/dL, M (Q1, Q3) | 123.00 (101.00, 162.00) | 120.00 (100.00, 158.00) | 132.00 (105.00, 176.00) | Z = 9.068 | < 0.001 |
| SOFA, M (Q1, Q3) | 39.00 (31.00,49.00) | 37.00 (30.00,47.00) | 44.00 (35.00,55.00) | Z = 19.036 | < 0.001 |
| SAPS II, M (Q1, Q3) | 2.00 (0.00,4.00) | 2.00 (0.00,4.00) | 2.00 (0.00,4.00) | Z = 3.294 | < 0.001 |
| Vasopressin, n (%) | χ2 = 687.639 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 9989 (86.37) | 8291 (90.67) | 1698 (70.11) | ||
| Yes | 1577 (13.63) | 853 (9.33) | 724 (29.89) | ||
| CRRT, n (%) | χ2 = 638.980 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 10,682 (92.36) | 8739 (95.57) | 1943 (80.22) | ||
| Yes | 884 (7.64) | 405 (4.43) | 479 (19.78) | ||
| Ventilation status, n (%) | χ2 = 675.707 | < 0.001 | |||
| High flow | 557 (4.82) | 532 (5.82) | 25 (1.03) | ||
| Invasive vent | 114 (0.99) | 73 (0.80) | 41 (1.69) | ||
| Non-invasive vent | 2115 (18.29) | 1258 (13.76) | 857 (35.38) | ||
| Oxygen | 73 (0.63) | 61 (0.67) | 12 (0.50) | ||
| Trach | 8707 (75.28) | 7220 (78.96) | 1487 (61.40) | ||
| RBC-transfusion, n (%) | χ2 = 229.181 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 6855 (59.27) | 5745 (62.83) | 1110 (45.83) | ||
| Yes | 4711 (40.73) | 3399 (37.17) | 1312 (54.17) | ||
| PLT-transfusion, n (%) | χ2 = 91.898 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 9860 (85.25) | 7944 (86.88) | 1916 (79.11) | ||
| Yes | 1706 (14.75) | 1200 (13.12) | 506 (20.89) | ||
| Frozen plasma, n (%) | χ2 = 235.718 | < .001 | |||
| No | 10,069 (87.06) | 8186 (89.52) | 1883 (77.75) | ||
| Yes | 1497 (12.94) | 958 (10.48) | 539 (22.25) | ||
| Diabetes, n (%) | χ2 = 0.543 | 0.461 | |||
| No | 7965 (68.87) | 6312 (69.03) | 1653 (68.25) | ||
| Yes | 3601 (31.13) | 2832 (30.97) | 769 (31.75) | ||
| Chronic pulmonary disease, n (%) | χ2 = 57.827 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 8464 (73.18) | 6839 (74.79) | 1625 (67.09) | ||
| Yes | 3102 (26.82) | 2305 (25.21) | 797 (32.91) | ||
| Renal disease, n (%) | χ2 = 2.407 | 0.121 | |||
| No | 9115 (78.81) | 7234 (79.11) | 1881 (77.66) | ||
| Yes | 2451 (21.19) | 1910 (20.89) | 541 (22.34) | ||
| Malignant cancer, n (%) | χ2 = 11.189 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 10,179 (88.01) | 8095 (88.53) | 2084 (86.04) | ||
| Yes | 1387 (11.99) | 1049 (11.47) | 338 (13.96) | ||
| Liver disease, n (%) | χ2 = 179.186 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 9829 (84.98) | 7980 (87.27) | 1849 (76.34) | ||
| Yes | 1737 (15.02) | 1164 (12.73) | 573 (23.66) | ||
| Myocardial infarct, n (%) | χ2 = 0.349 | 0.555 | |||
| No | 9282 (80.25) | 7328 (80.14) | 1954 (80.68) | ||
| Yes | 2284 (19.75) | 1816 (19.86) | 468 (19.32) | ||
| Leukemia, n (%) | χ2 = 3.859 | 0.049 | |||
| No | 11,379 (98.38) | 9007 (98.50) | 2372 (97.94) | ||
| Yes | 187 (1.62) | 137 (1.50) | 50 (2.06) | ||
| Septic shock, n (%) | χ2 = 109.800 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 10,922 (94.43) | 8740 (95.58) | 2182 (90.09) | ||
| Yes | 644 (5.57) | 404 (4.42) | 240 (9.91) | ||
| Pancreatitis, n (%) | χ2 = 120.732 | < 0.001 | |||
| No | 11,311 (97.80) | 9013 (98.57) | 2298 (94.88) | ||
| Yes | 255 (2.20) | 131 (1.43) | 124 (5.12) |
BMI Body mass index; SBP Systolic blood pressure; DBP Diastolic blood pressure; SPO2 Pulse oxygen saturation; PCO2 Partial pressure of carbon dioxide; PO2 Oxygen partial pressure; FiO2 Fraction of inspired oxygen; HCO3− Bicarbonate; PLT Platelet; WBC White blood cell; BUN Blood urea nitrogen; SOFA Sequential organ failure assessment; SAPS II Simplified acute physiology score II; CRRT Continuous renal replacement therapy; RBC Red blood cell; PLT Platelets; ARDS Acute respiratory distress syndrome