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. 2022 Mar 22;234(5):1583–1597. doi: 10.1111/nph.18021

Table 1.

Underutilized crops for which reference genomes are available; crops are organized into families (subfamilies) and the genome statistics are given.

Family Species Common name Chromosome no. Estimated genome size Sequencing method 1 Scaffold N50 Number of contigs Assembled scaffolds size References
Poaceae (Pooideae) Secale cereale Rye 2n = 2x = 14 7.92 Gb H2000 9.4 kb 1581 707 2.80 Gb Bauer et al. (2017)
Aegilops tauschii Wheat (D‐genome) 2n = 2x = 14 4.36 Gb H2000 58.0 kb 179 145 4.23 Gb Jia et al. (2013)
Poaceae (Chloridoideae) Eleusine coracana Finger millet 2n = 4x = 36 1.45 Gb H4000, N500 23.7 kb 525 759 1.20 Gb Hittalmani et al. (2017)
1.5 Gb NS500, PB 905.3 kb 2812 919 1.20 Gb Hatakeyama et al. (2018)
Eragrostis tef Tef 2n = 4x = 40 772 Mb H2000, 454 85.0 kb 672 Mb Cannarozzi et al. (2014)
622 Mb PB, H4000, Hi‐C 1.6 Mb 1344 576 Mb VanBuren et al. (2020)
Poaceae (Panicoideae) Setaria italica Foxtail millet 2n = 2x = 18 510 Mb GAII 12.3 Mb 397 Mb Bennetzen et al. (2012)
490 Mb GAII, H2000 1.0 Mb 16 903 423 Mb Zhang et al. (2012)
Setaria viridis Green millet 2n = 2x = 18 500 Mb PB, H2000 11.2 Mb 75 395 Mb Mamidi et al. (2020)
401 Mb ONT, NS500 19.5 Mb 44 397 Mb Thielen et al. (2020)
Cenchrus americanus Pearl millet 2n = 2x = 14 1.79 Gb H2000, PB 885.0 kb 175 708 1.79 Gb Varshney et al. (2017b)
Panicum miliaceum Broomcorn/Proso millet 2n = 4x = 36 887 Mb PB, X‐ten, BN, Hi‐C 8.24 Mb 1308 848 Mb Shi et al. (2019)
1 Gb X‐ten 89 kb 171 982 823 Mb Ott et al. (2018)
923 Mb PB, H2500 46.7 Mb 5541 855 Mb Zou et al. (2019)
Echinochloa crus‐galli Barnyard millet 2n = 6x = 54 1.38 Gb H2000, PB 1.8Mb 1.27 Gb Guo et al. (2017)
PB, H4000 4.1 Mb 1.34 Gb Ye et al. (2020)
Digitaria exilis Fonio millet 2n = 4x = 36 893Mb H2500, No6000, Hi‐C, BN 10.7 Mb 29 155 716 Mb Abrouk et al. (2020)
PB, H3000, H4000 1.73 Mb 3329 761Mb X. Wang et al. (2021)
Coix lacryma‐jobi Adlay/Job's tears 2n = 2x = 20 1.68 Gb H2000 Cai et al. (2014)
PB, H2500 2.24 Mb 4519 1.62 Gb Guo et al. (2020)
PB, H2500 594.3 kb 13 691 1.28 Gb Kang et al. (2020)
PB, H2000, BN, Hi‐C 14.0 Mb 3321 1.73 Gb H. Liu et al. (2020)
Sorghum bicolor Sorghum 2n = 2x = 20 730 Mb BAC 35 Mb 12 873 679 Mb Paterson et al. (2009)
BAC, H2500 68.7 Mb 2688 655 Mb McCormick et al. (2018)
Fabaceae Cajanus cajan Pigeonpea 2n = 2x = 22 833 Mb BAC, GAII, H2000 516.1 kb 173 708 606 Mb Varshney et al. (2012)
BAC, 454 14.0 kb 332 766 511 Mb Singh et al. (2012)
Cicer arietinum Chickpea 2n = 2x = 16 738 Mb BAC, GAII, 454 77.3 kb 520 Mb Jain et al. (2013)
BAC, H2000, BAC 40.0 Mb 62 619 532 Mb Varshney et al. (2013)
454, GAII 39.9 Mb 182 734 510 Mb Parween et al. (2015)
Vigna radiata Mungbean/green gram 2n = 2x = 22 543 Mb H2000, 454 1.52 Mb 180 372 431 Mb Kang et al. (2014)
Vigna. angularis Adzuki bean 2n = 2x = 22 542 Mb H2000 1.3 Mb 25 426 467 Mb Yang et al. (2015)
612 Mb H2000, 454 703 kb 36 516 443 Mb Kang et al. (2015)
Vigna unguiculata Cowpea 2n = 2x = 22 640 Mb H2000, BAC, PB 16.4 Mb 765 519 Mb Lonardi et al. (2019)
Lupins albus White lupin 2n = 2x = 50 584 Mb PB, H2000, Hi‐C 18.7 Mb 3171 474 Mb Xu et al. (2020)
PB, H3000, BN 17.4 Mb 451 Mb Hufnagel et al. (2020)
Lupinus angustifolius Narrow leafed lupin 2n = 2x = 40 H2500 703.2 kb 14 379 609 Mb Hane et al. (2017)
PB, H2000 30.8 Mb 123 616 Mb P. Wang et al. (2021)
Vigna mungo Blackgram 2n = 2x = 22 574 Mb X‐ten and ONT 1.4 Mb 475 Mb Jegadeesan et al. (2021)
Trifolium subterraneum Subterranean clover 2n = 2x = 16 540 Mb H2000, M, 454 287.6 kb 101 010 472 Mb Hirakawa et al. (2016)
BN 1.4 Mb 264 512 Mb Kaur et al. (2017)
Polygonaceae Fagopyrum esculentum Common buckwheat 2n = 2x = 16 1.2 Gb H2000 25.1 Mb 1.18 Gb Yasui et al. (2016b)
Fagopyrum tataricum Tartary buckwheat 2n = 2x = 16 540 Mb H2000, H2500, M, PB, GBS 550.7 kb 8778 489.3 Mb Zhang et al. (2017)
Amaranthaceae Chenopodium quinoa Quinoa 2n = 4x = 36 1.5 Gb H2500, PB 86.9 kb 110 092 1.1 Gb Yasui et al. (2016a)
PB, BN 3.8 Mb 4232 1.18 Gb Jarvis et al. (2017)
H2500, PB 1.2 Mb 10 795 1.3 Gb Zou et al. (2017)
Euphorbiaceae Manihot esculentum Cassava 2n = 2x = 36 746 Mb H2000, 454, BAC 67 kb 432 Mb Wang et al. (2014)
Ricinus communis Castor bean 2n = 2x = 20 320 Mb Plasmid, Sanger 561.4 kb 25 800 325 Mb Chan et al. (2010)
Convolvulaceae Ipomoea batatas Sweet potato 2n = 6x = 90 4.4 Gb H2500, N500, H4000, 454 200.7 kb 35 919 836 Mb Yang et al. (2017)
Dioscoreaceae Dioscorea dumetorum Trifoliate yam 2n = 2x = 36 322 Mb H1500, ONT 3.2 Mb 1172 485 Mb Siadjeu et al. (2020)
Dioscorea rotundata White Guinea yam 2n = 2x = 40 579 Mb H2500, BAC 2.1 Mb 4723 594 Mb Tamiru et al. (2017)
1

Sequencing approaches are abbreviated as follows: 454, Roche 454; BAC, Bacterial Artificial Chromosome sequencing; BN, BioNano; GAII, Illumina Genome Analyzer II; H, Illumina Hiseq; Hi‐C, high‐throughput chromosome conformation capture; M, Illumina Miseq; N500, NextSeq 500; No6000, Novaseq6000; ONT, Oxford Nanopore Technologies; PB, PacBio; X‐ten, Illumina X‐ten.