Table 2.

- Intraoperative hemodynamics over time.

Variables	All patients (N=159)	DEX group (n=74)	Non-DEX group (n=85)	P-values
Mean arterial pressure
T0	94.0±13.0	93.5±14.5	94.4±11.5	>0.999
T1	91.6±18.9	89.1±21.8	93.7±15.8	0.376
T2	104.0±20.1	102.1±19.0	105.5±21.0	>0.999
T3	83.3±12.9	80.6±13.1	85.6±12.4	0.094
T4	82.3±16.6	74.0±12.6	89.5±16.4	<0.001
T5	96.9±16.1	92.3±14.0	100.8±16.9	0.003
Heart rate
T0	75.4±12.9	75.1±12.2	75.7±13.5	>0.999
T1	81.9±15.7	81.1±17.0	82.7±14.5	>0.999
T2	83.7±16.5	82.7±17.5	84.7±15.5	>0.999
T3	68.6±12.0	63.5±10.6	72.9±11.3	<0.001
T4	66.6±12.1	60.3±10.3	72.0±10.9	<0.001
T5	82.5±13.9	76.8±11.6	87.3±13.9	0.001
Bispectral index
T0	94.3±3.8	94.6±4.0	94.1±3.6	0.379
T1	39.2±9.3	39.5±10.4	38.9±8.2	>0.999
T2	37.8±8.0	37.4±8.1	38.1±8.0	>0.999
T3	40.5±7.1	40.7±7.4	40.3±6.9	>0.999
T4	51.5±9.9	49.0±10.1	53.7±9.1	0.016
T5	80.7±7.7	81.1±8.6	80.3±6.8	>0.999
Oxygen saturation (%)
T0	99.3±1.0	99.3±0.9	99.2±1.1	>0.999
T1	99.9±0.4	99.8±0.5	99.9±0.4	>0.999
T2	99.8±0.5	99.9±0.5	99.8±0.5	>0.999
T3	99.9±0.4	99.9±0.4	99.9±0.3	>0.999
T4	99.9±0.3	99.9±0.4	100.0±0.2	>0.999
T5	99.9±0.6	99.8±0.7	99.9±0.4	>0.999
Oxygen reserve index
T0	0.0±0.1	0.0±0.1	0.0±0.1	>0.999
T1	0.4±0.2	0.4±0.2	0.4±0.2	0.183
T2	0.4±0.2	0.4±0.2	0.4±0.2	0.887
T3	0.4±0.3	0.4±0.3	0.4±0.3	>0.999
T4	0.6±0.3	0.5±0.3	0.6±0.3	0.030
T5	0.5±0.5	0.5±0.7	0.5±0.3	>0.999
MAC of sevoflurane
T1	1.1±0.3	1.0±0.3	1.1±0.2	0.051
T2	1.2±0.3	1.0±0.3	1.2±0.3	0.002
T3	0.9±0.2	0.9±0.2	1.0±0.2	<0.001
T4	0.4±0.2	0.4±0.2	0.5±0.2	0.843

Values are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD). DEX: dexmedetomidine, MAC: minimum alveolar concentration, T0: before intubation, T1: start of surgery, T2: insufflation of intra-abdominal CO2, T3: deflation of intra-abdominal CO2, T4: end of surgery, T5: after extubation