Natural product-derived compounds from plants as multidrug resistance modulators in microorganismsa.
| Classification | Compound | Source | Antibacterial activity | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Flavonoids | (1) Isobavachalcone (IBC) | Psoralen | MRSA and VRE (MIC50: 0.5 μg mL; MIC90: 4–8 μg mL−1) | Membrane homeostasis | 66 |
| (2) α-Mangostin (AMG) | |||||
| Quercetin | — | P. aeruginosa and A. baumannii (MIC: 16–256 μg mL−1) | Enzyme inhibition and efflux pump inhibition | 67 | |
| ATCC 25922 (MIC: 1 μg mL−1) | |||||
| E. coli clinical isolates (MIC: 64 μg mL−1) | |||||
| (1) 3,7-Diacylquercetin | Quercetin | Multidrug-resistant gram-positive (MIC: 0.13 to 128 μg mL−1) | Enzymatic inhibition (DNA gyrase and topo IV) | 69 | |
| (2) Quercetin 6′′-acylgalactoside | |||||
| (3) Quercetin 2′′,6′′-diacylgalactoside analogues | |||||
| (1) Procyanidin B3-3-O-gallate | W. uniflora | MRSA | Abnormal cell formation | 71 | |
| (2) Rhamnetin 3-O-(6′′-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside | |||||
| (3) Rhamnetin 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside | |||||
| (4) Quercetin 3-O-(6′′-galloyl)-β-d-glucopyranoside | |||||
| (1) Isobavachalcone; | — | E. coli AG100A and E. aerogenes EA298 isobavachalcone (MIC: 8 μg mL−1) | Efflux pump components (AcrAB, TolC) | 72 | |
| (2) Diospyrone | Diospyrone (MIC: 4 μg mL−1) | ||||
| Lupinifolin | Albizia myriophylla | MDR enterococcal clinical isolates (MIC: 0.5 and 2.0 μg mL−1) | Membrane permeability and salt tolerance | 73 | |
| Phloretin | Apple | E. coli ZJ478 or Salmonella sp. Stain (MIC: 2 μg mL−1) | Cell membranes | 74–76 | |
| Type A procyanidin (TAP | Cinnamomum zeylanicum | UPEC | Biofilm formation | 77 | |
| Artonin I | Morus mesozygia Stapf | MDR bacterial (MIC: 4–8 mg L−1) | Efflux pump and cell membrane | 78 | |
| AFPO | Chalcones | S. aureus 10 strain (MIC: 1024 μg mL−1) | Internal resistance mechanism | 79 | |
| E. coli 06 strain (MIC: 256 μg mL−1) | |||||
| 3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavone | Kernel | P. stuartii ATCC299645 (MIC: 4 μg mL−1) | Efflux pumps | 80 | |
| Epicatechin gallate (ECg) | Green tea | S. aureus BB568, EMRSA-15, EMRSA-16 (MIC: 128 mg L−1) | Cell membrane | 89 | |
| Curcumin | — | A. baumannii (MIC >256 μg mL−1 | — | 65 | |
| Epigallocatechin gallate | Green tea | A. baumannii (MIC >128–1024 μg mL−1) | — | 65 | |
| Eriodictyol | Citrus fruits | S. aureus USA 300 (MIC >512 μg mL−1) | Inhibitor of SrtA | 92 | |
| Rutin | — | K. pneumoniae ATCC700603 (MIC: 1024 μg mL−1) | Downregulated luxS gene and wabG gene | 63 | |
| E. coli ATCC25922 (MIC: 512 μg mL−1) | |||||
| Baicalein | — | MRSA | Cell wall and Tet K-mediated tetracycline efflux | 70 | |
| Ursolic acid (UA) | Apple pomace | CRKP (MIC: 0.8 mg mL−1) | Cell membrane integrity | 93 | |
| 5-Hydroxy-3,7,4′-trimethoxyflflavone | V. gardneriana | MDR bacterial strains S. aureus 358 and E. coli 27 (MIC≤512 μg mL−1) | — | 94 | |
| Alkaloids | Compound 1f (with a 7-phenyl group) | 7-Substituted cyclophosphamide (CBBR) | MRSA and VRE (MIC: 1-8 μg mL−1) | DNA Topo IV ParE subunit | 102 |
| 1,4-Naphthoquinones | — | MRSA (MIC: 0.0078 to 0.125 mg mL−1) | — | 103 | |
| Chelerythrine (CHE) | — | CRSM (MIC: 125 mg mL−1) | Integrity of the cell membrane | 105 | |
| Berberine hydrochloride (BBH) | Berberine | MDR A. baumannii (MIC: 256 mg L−1) | AdeB and AdeB transporters | 106 | |
| Piperine | White pepper | MDR strains of P. aeruginosa, E. coli (in the presence of 125 mg mL−1) | — | 107 | |
| Squalamine | Dogfish shark squalus acanthias | P. aeruginosa ATCC 27853 (MIC: 8 mg L−1) | Cell membranes | 108 | |
| E. coli ATCC 25922 (MIC: 4 mg L−1) | |||||
| S. aureus ATCC 25923 (MIC: 2 mg L−1) | |||||
| N-tetradecyl derivative (BnI-14) | Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) | S. aureus ATCC 29213 (MIC: 0.03 μg mL−1) | Membrane disruption and DNA | 110 | |
| S. aureus ATCC 29213 clinical/MRSA (MIC: 0.12 μg mL−1) | |||||
| E. coli clinical (MIC: 0.98 μg mL−1) | |||||
| Arborinine | R. angustifolia | Candida albicans arborinine (MIC: 250 μg mL−1) | ICL1 gene | 111 | |
| Arborinine (MIC: 500 μg mL−1) | |||||
| Catharanthine | Catharanthus roseous | P. aeruginosa (MIC: 400 mg L−1) | Efflux pump proteins MexA, MexB and OprM | 113 | |
| Chanoclavine | I. muricata | E. coli | Efflux pumps and the cell envelope | 115 | |
| Terpenoids | Limonene | — | E. coli (MIC: 16 μg mL−1) | Cell membrane and DNA transcription and translation | 118 and 119 |
| Carvacrol | — | S. aureus (MIC: 256 μg mL−1) | Efflux pump inhibition | 120 and 122 | |
| Thymol | |||||
| Oleanolic acid | — | E. faecalis (MIC: 6.25 mg L−1) | Efflux pump | 121 | |
| MRSA COLOXA (MIC: 1600 mg L−1) | |||||
| Clerodane diterpene 16α-hydroxycleroda-3,13(14)-Z-dien-15,16-olide (CD) | Polyalthia longifolia | MRSA-ST1745/ST2071/P4620 (MIC: 31.25 μg mL−1) | EtBr efflux | 123 | |
| MRSA-P4627/P4423/ST3151 (MIC: 15.62 μg mL−1) | |||||
| Geraniol (Ger) | Geranium oil | C. albicans (MIC: 225 μg mL−1) | Cell wall integrity and cell adhesion | 124 | |
| Oleanane triterpenoid aegicerin | ClaVija procera | MTB (MIC: 1.6-3.12 μg mL−1) | — | 125 | |
| Artesunate (ART) | Artemisia annua L | MDR E. coli isolates | mRNA expression of qnrB and qnrS | 126 | |
| Glycyrrhizin (GLY) | Glycyrrhiza glabra | MDR9 (MIC: 40 mg mL−1) | — | 127 | |
| B1045 (MIC: 15 mg mL−1) | |||||
| Conjugates | — | S. aureus (MIC: 20 μg mL−1) | — | 129 | |
| E. coli (MIC: 20 μg mL−1) | |||||
| 1,8-Cineole | Rosemary volatile oil | E. coli | Biofilm biomass disruption | 135 |
a
MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; VER, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus; MIC90, lowest drug concentration inhibiting 90% of bacterial or fungi growth; MIC, minimum inhibitory concentration; MDR, multidrug-resistant; UPEC, Uropathogenic Escherichia coli; CRKP, carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae; CRSM, carbapenem-resistant Serratia marcescens.