Table 2.

Main non-mosquito related routes of WNV transmission.

Route	Frequency	Outcome
Blood transfusion	Negligible in the areas where blood transfusions are screened	Related to underlying disease
Organ transplantation	Negligible in the areas where transfusions are screened	Poor due to immunosuppressive treatments
Vertical transmission	72 cases reported in the period	Probably worsened
Occupational transmission	Outbreak reported among turkey handlers or laboratory acquired [22]	1 of 9 infected had encephalitis