Table 1.

Intraoperative use of mechanical circulatory support as described in single-center case series

Institution	Cohort and indications	Intraoperative management practice pattern
Stanford University Medical Center Palo Alto, California [32]	Nine CHLT recipients from 2006 to 2018. All patients with failing Fontan physiology and cirrhosis	En bloc technique with patient maintained on CPB through simultaneous dual organ reperfusion. Two patients required intra-aortic balloon pump and one patient required VA ECMO to wean from CPB.
Mayo Clinic Rochester, Minnesota [35]	27 CHLT recipients from 1999 to 2013. Most common indication: hereditary amyloidosis	VV bypass utilized for all patients undergoing LT via caval interposition technique. No form of bypass used for caval preserving technique. A small fraction remained on CPB during LT.
The Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania [36]	26 CHLT recipients from 1997 to 2013. Most common indications: heart failure from nonischemic, dilated, or congenital heart disease.	All patients weaned from CPB without reversal of heparin and placed on VV bypass for LT.
University of Chicago Medical Center Chicago, Illinois [38▪]	Seven patients undergoing combined heart liver kidney transplant from 2018 to 2020. Most common indication: noncongenital heart disease.	CPB transitioned to VA ECMO at completion of heart transplant to proceed with LT.
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Los Angeles, California [40]	Six CHLT recipients from 1998 to 2014. Most common indication: hereditary amyloidosis.	VV bypass with caval interposition technique used for all patients.
Vanderbilt University Medical Center Nashville, Tennessee (Unpublished)	17 CHLT recipients from 2017 to 2022. Most common indication: congenital heart disease.	VA ECMO utilized in nearly half of recipients with congenital heart disease.

CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; CHLT, combined heart and liver transplantation; LT, liver transplantation; VA, venoarterial; VV, venovenous; ECMO, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation.