Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants.
| Stroke (n = 21) | Controls (n = 20) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Factor | Total Sample | Right Hemisphere Damage (n = 11) | Left Hemisphere Damage (n = 10) | Active Right Hand (n = 11) | Active Left Hand (n = 9) |
| Sex | |||||
| Male (n) | 21 | 7 | 7 | 5 | 2 |
| Female (n) | 20 | 4 | 3 | 6 | 7 |
| Age in years (SD; Range) | 58.63 (10.06; 38 – 76) | 56.00 (8.44; 45 – 74) | 59.90 (10.17; 38 – 70) | 60.55 (11.63; 43 – 76) | 58.11 (10.73; 38 – 73) |
| Handedness | |||||
| Right (n) | 36 | 9 | 8 | 11 | 8 |
| Left (n) | 4 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 1 |
| Ambidextrous (n) | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
| Years Post-Stroke | 7.00 (4.58) | 10.00 (3.68) | --- | --- | |
| Line Bisection (T-score) a | 0.91 (50.18) | 0.85 (55.70) | --- | --- | |
| Cognitive Tests | |||||
| WAB (SD) b | --- | 8.81 (1.16) | --- | --- | |
| SMMSE (SD) c | 28.00 (2.28) | --- | 29.36 (0.67) | 29.22 (1.30) | |
| TMT Part A (SD) d | 48.25 (31.07) | 57.85 (28.22) | 80.65 (31.07) | 26.35 (7.42) | 28.35 (11.08) |
| TMT Part B (SD) e | 95.25 (63.25) | 116.18 (65.76) | 161.77 (72.84) | 59.36 (16.77) | 56.72 (15.20) |
| Sensorimotor Tests | |||||
| Monofilament Test (SD; Range) f | 3.63 (0.36; 2.83 – 4.56) | 3.75 (0.48; 2.83 – 4.56) | 3.67 (0.41; 2.83 – 4.31) | 3.54 (0.24; 2.83 – 3.61) | 3.52 (0.26; 2.83 – 3.61) |
| UEFM (SD) g | 15.95 (13.47) | 20.09 (14.75) | 11.40 (10.84) | --- | --- |
| BBT (SD) h | 52.63 (13.72) | 44.64 (19.48) | 50.80 (8.75) | 53.91 (7.11) | 57.00 (8.81) |
| Grip strength (SD) i | 69.04 (24.06) | 62.78 (21.29) | 82.43 (27.19) | 65.40 (27.26) | 66.28 (27.19) |
Abbreviations: Western Aphasia Battery (WAB); Standardized Mini Mental State Examination (SMMSE); TMT (Trail Making Test); UEFM (Upper Extremity Fugl-Meyer); Box and Blocks Test (BBT).
Raw scores and T-scores on the line bisection test. Cut-off score is ± 2.5 for neglect.
Participants with left hemisphere damage were screened using the WAB. The range of possible scores is 0 to 10 with lower scores indicative of greater verbal comprehension deficits.
Participants with right hemisphere damage and control subjects were screened using the SMMSE. The range of possible scores is 0 to 30 with lower scores indicative of greater cognitive impairment.
Time in seconds to complete the task. Average score = 29 seconds. Scores greater than 78 seconds indicate impairment. One participant with RHD damage was unable to complete the task.
Time in seconds to complete the task. Average score = 75 seconds. Scores greater than 273 seconds indicate impairment. One participant with RHD and 2 participants with LHD were unable to complete the task.
Score of 2.83 indicates normal hand sensation; 3.61 – 4.31 indicates diminished light touch; and 4.56 indicates loss of protective sensation. All group means within the normal to diminished light touch range.
The range of possible scores is 0 to 66 with lower scores indicative of greater upper extremity motor impairment.
Total blocks transported in one minute with the test hand (ipsilesional hand in subjects with stroke).
Grip strength measured using hand-held dynamometer