Figure 1.

Simulation model overview. (A) Model diagram and major parameters mediating model flow. Dashed lines indicate plant population dynamics, solid lines indicate trophic interactions. $S_1$ indicates seed density, $S_2$ indicates seedling density, $F$ indicates fecund adult density, $H$ indicates density of herbivorous insects. Arrows indicate direction of density gain and circles indicate direction of density loss. Parameters detailed in “Methods” and Table 1. (B) Example of stable population trajectories indicated by negative max eigenvalue (Max EV < 0). (C) Example of persistent population oscillations indicated by positive max eigenvalue (Max EV > 0). Line colors for (B) and (C) correspond to (A).